Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The basis of rational distribution of fruit crops is the principle of consistency between their requirements to soil conditions and soil features on specific indicators: the level of salt content, moisture content, mechanical composition, density, and others. In this regard, the study and evaluation of soil and nvironmental conditions using the perspective methods of accounting and systematization of information on specific fruit farms and orchards quarters are very actual. For the territory of Krasnodar Region the content and depth of the carbonate - one of the limiting factors of growth of fruit crops (except apricot) were analyzed. The forecast of optimal placement of fruit crops depending on soil conditions was carried out with the help of geographic information technologies (GIS) based on computer databases spatially coordinated data, coupled with special software and hardware for data entry, storage and multipurpose analysis. On the basis of GIS the computer maps were built, reflecting the soil properties for each indicator were created. As a result of the work it is carried out the systematization of soil and resource data for the Krasnodar Region on the indicators of gardens suitability based on data bases (DB), coupled with the special software and hardware. The results of our work are presented on the example of identifying areas with a high content of CaCO3 in the soil layers at depths of up to 1 m across the region. The computer maps for ecologically accurate and economically viable placement of fruit types on the macrozones in the landscape are created.
The state, productivity and durability of gardens depend on quality of the produced saplings. The main indicator of saplings quality is their virus-free status. Besides, for the creation of modern intensive plantings the trees which are correctly created and early entering into fructification are required. Improvement of quality of landing material can be reached by means of development of special technologies and methods. The purpose of this work is the analysis of foreign and domestic achievements in the field of production of the revitalized landing material and definition of the main tendencies in the development of branch of a nursery industry. As the analysis of scientific publications has shown, the greatest number of practices is noted in two directions of development of a modern nursery industry of fruit and berry crops: the improvement of plants by the way in vitro and mikroclonal reproduction and the improvement of production technologies of landing material. The following directions of research have been selected: the development of optimal structure of nutrient mediums for micro reproduction of fruit and berry crops; the selection of disinfectants for sanitation of explants when introduction to culture and further reproduction; the optimization of physical factors of cultivation (lighting, temperature, humidity, etc.); the selection of optimal conditions for adaptation of microplants to in vivo conditions. It is concluded that the experience of the leading fruit-growing countries of the world (USA, Italy, Netherlands, Germany, Belgium, Poland, etc.) on use of the revitalized landing material has allowed these countries to ensure the high production efficiency of fruits and berries. Therefore now in Russia special relevance is acquired by the question of transfer of fruit growing branch on the use of the revitalized landing material is particularly urgent.
It is noted in this article that one of the main reasons for the decline of sowing qualities of seeds and planting material is the presence of various internal defects, such as a hidden injury or damage by pests. The seeds with the hidden defects can not be sorted by the sorting machines, and so they are a constant component of all production batches of fruits and seeds. These seeds can be detected by microfocus X-ray analysis. Microfocus X-ray can be used to control of seeds quality and to study their internal structure. The purpose of this work is the development of microfocus X-ray technique to determine the quality of fruits and seeds. As a result of our carried out research the voltage, anode current and exposure time are included in the definition of the required zoom factor modes of X-ray apparatus. The modes of microfocus X-ray for control of different structure and size seeds was selected. It was confirmed that the technique can be used to inspect the seeds of various sizes. The method is tested on a large number of seeds from the collection of the Botanic Garden of Great Peter (Sankt-Petersburg). It has been confirmed by results of our carried out research that the use of microfocus X-ray technique allows you to quickly select the seed of good quality, not affected by pest and to use them for future planting and also to receive of a greater number of shoots. The prospects for a technique to identify the problems with the collected seeds had been shown.
Using the traditional method of cultivation of an apple-tree seedling the chip budding is carried out in the first field of nursery on two-year part of a rootstock. Based on the long term research the conclusion is made that the apple varieties with the increasing of altitude of chip budding reduce the crown volume and the yield of the tree, but they increase the intensity of fruiting per unit of crown volume. But nurseries, due to lack of rational technology, mainly continue to produce the seedlings with chip budding at a height of 15-20 cm. A new method for the preparation of rootstocks in the first field of nursery for high budding, in which all shoots on rootstock in early spring are removal except one vertical shoot. This way stimulates the growth of the left shoot and at the time of chip budding that shoot reaches a height of 120-130 cm. At the height of 55-60 cm the thickness of shoot reaches 8-10 mm and that is sufficient to the chip budding. According to the yield and quality of seedlings the proposed method is similar to the conventional method of chip budding, but also it has advantages. The cutting of plant on the bud requires the less efforts, it is noted the less breaking of shoots from strong winds. The shoots with cuttings over 75 cm in height in the first field was not enough productive because of their inferior survival, the rise of assimilating surface is delayed due to violation of the correlation between the above-ground part of plant and root system, and it significantly reduced their development. The quantity of standard seedlings at a chip budding in the shoot of current year at the height of 55-60 cm t on 36-58% was higher than at the chip budding in two years wood.
The data confirming to the considerable warming of climate which is observed last decade are presented in the article. In summer months in the Central Chernozem region of Russia a large amount of rainfall drops out, and the long period there is a drought. One of ways of fight against this phenomenon in gardening is the selection of drought-resistant varieties and rootstocks of fruit crops. Drought resistance is the dynamic property and it is closely connected with a cycle of development of plants and conditions of environment. It is necessary for fruit crops, including an apple-tree, to adapt to droughty conditions of cultivation. It is known that the resistance of plants to adverse external factors is defined by a condition of intracellular water and a ratio of free and connected water in the tissues. The fractional composition and a ratio of fractions of water give an idea about intensity of water balance, water-retaining ability which is protective reaction of a plant organism under the conditions of manifestation of stressful factors. In the submitted article the analysis of weather conditions of the spring and summer period in the Oryol Region is given. The water content in the tissues and fractional composition of water in the leaves of an apple-tree varieties of summer ripening period of the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of fruit crops breeding as Orlinka, Yablochny Spas and a variety of autumn ripening period of Pamyat Isayeva on dwarfish inserted rootstocks of 3-17-38, 62-396 and on a vegetative rootstock 62-396 is studied. In the course of research the dynamic reduction of water content in the leaves of all studied apple-tree scion-rootstocks combinations in the adverse climatic conditions of the summer period of 2014-2015 is revealed, and it speaks about their high drought resistance.