Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Molecular and genetic methods of analysis of genetic polymorphism are highly promising for the evaluation of the diversity of natural populations of rare plant species, including Pancratium maritimum. The works in this direction allow to establish the state of species on the genetic level and to identify the processes of depletion of the gene pool, due to the reduction of the number of species observed in the last decade. The ISSR-markers (inter simple sequence repeat) are widely distributed in the scientific field. The direction of the present study is the selection of effective ISSR markers for genotyping samples Pancratium maritimum cultured in vitro. Pancratium maritimum is a species in a Red book. In the Russia it is only in the Krasnodar Region. Based on the goal of the work the selection of ISSR-markers was carried out to obtain reproducible PCR-fragments. The subsequent determination of the most polymorphic markers from the number selected was conducted further. In the course of the study ISSR-markers UBC818, UBC864, UBC813, UBC825, UBC880, UBC811, UBC827 were tested on 9 samples of Pancratium maritimum. UBC818 and UBC864 markers that showed the clear easily interpretable PCR products were selected. A high level of polymorphism was revealed for marker UBC818 on these samples of Pancratium maritimum. By this marker for used samples of Pancratium maritimum 3 unique fragments were revealed. Selected markers will be further used to estimate the genetic polymorphism of Pancratium maritimum growing on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, as well as to analyze the stability of the genotype in a long-term culture in vitro.
The receiving of the big steady apple-tree harvest at the fruit orchards with a high agritechnology and with a strict varieties selection require the correct placement of varieties in a garden area. The careful selection of varieties and their correct placement in the industrial gardens improves the work organization in a garden and promotes of receiving the big harvest of apples. For each main apple variety in the garden it is necessary to select two pollinators. Two pollinators are necessary to guarantee the cross-pollination in the occasion of the one of two pollinators has the periodicity of fructification. The purpose of this work is selection for an apple-tree of the most effective couples: "pollinated variety variety pollinator" under the conditions of Stavropol Region. In a course of conducted research the terms of blossoming, the compatibility, early fruiting, the productivity and other traits of varieties were considered. The work was carried out using of techniques of fruit varieties study. The combinations of "pollinated variety a pollinator" were formed on the basis of comparison of terms of blossoming and taking into account the genetic compatibility of varieties. The most varieties in the experience have the highest point of blossoming (5,0 points), the minimum point of blossoming have Kitayka No. 3 and Kitayka Malinovaya (1,0 point). During research of 2011-2013 the apple-tree varieties with restrained growth are allocated; previously the apple-tree varieties lacking in prospect for pollination and perspective for these purposes are defined. In 2013 the Gertrude -64-6 apple-tree with productivity 13,1 kg/tree is allocated. Taking into account the average weight of a fruit the apple-trees named Krasnovishnevoye 2-68-10-12 and Chils Krimson -63-7-9 (116,6 g and 107,2 g) were allocated among varieties-pollinators.
The fruit orchard's areas occupied by an apricot culture in the Stavropol Region are very insignificant. It is noted in the article that the main reason of it is an irregular fructification of an apricot trees because of a short rest period and destruction of floral buds from spring and winter fluctuations of temperature, and also from damage of plants by diseases clasterosporium and monilia. The problem's solution of increase apricot's area in the region can be provided by the optimal placement of varieties corresponded to the requirements of culture, and also by selection of varieties for landing of gardens, which are more hardy to winter and steady against diseases. The purpose of the presented work is to carry out an economic and biological assessment of apricot varieties on a wild apricot rootstock during 2001-2013 under the conditions of Stavropol Region for allocation varieties for industrial use on totality of valuable signs. Research were conducted on the basis of the Stavropol Experimental Station of Gardening with use of well known techniques of studying of fruit crops varieties. In a course of conducted research and agritechnical calculations it is established that the greatest freezing point of floral and growth buds of studied varieties of apricot trees was 5,0 points in this year. Low temperatures of 2012 winter period led to essential depression of activators of clasterosporium and monilia. As a result of carried out long-term research and assessment of varieties on the main economical valuable signs most the productive apricot varieties with annual fructification are allocated. On the sum of estimating indicators that were defined in the experiment a number of apricot varieties are recommended for industrial use.
Now in Russia the overproduction of red wines is noted, so the attempts to reduce the production of red wines towards increase the production of white wines are made. For create of new plantings of white grapes the old assortment is used, but it was strongly damaged in extreme 2005-2006. The purpose of research is study of economic and valuable traits, the technological and other indicators of new white grapes varieties. The integrated assessment of their varieties is given and the most perspective varieties for replenishment of modern assortment are allocated. The results of long-term study of new grapes varieties which is carried out at the Anapa Experimental Station of Vine growing and Winemaking during the period from 2006 to 2013 are presented in the article. It is established that average productivity of studied new grapes varieties is higher on 39-123 c/hectare, than zoned Aligote variety. During 2011-2013 this difference was 35,1-60,9 c/hectare. A number of perspective white technical grapes are revealed. These varieties have stability to adverse ecological factors of the environment and at the same time they are capable to give the high-quality wines. It is offered to use the technical grapes varieties Arabushlo, Bakator white, Zolotaya osen, Polyuks in the industrial purposes and in the breeding work as donors of frost resistance, drought resistance and quality of wine. Use of these varieties will expand the borders of steady production of grapes in the region. The result of study of new grapes varieties of the technological direction is the quality of created wines: all experimental wine materials received the higher tasting estimates, than the wines made from control varieties.
For each administrative territories of the North Caucasus the criterions of the forecast of repeatability of annual minimum air temperatures are developed early. The simplified system of forecasting of fructification regularity of fruit crops in the South of Russia on limiting factors of winter and spring periods with use of graphic and mathematical models is offered. However, the placement of fruit crops in the South of Russia does not always correspond to climatic conditions, first of all to the winter and spring periods. The purpose of our work is development of meteorological criterions for an assessment of areas of apricot cultivation. Objects of research are meteorological indicators of winter and spring periods in the various administrative regions of the North Caucasus. The research are carried out using a technique of estimation of climatic winter conditions for fruit crops in the Crimea. To resolve the question of fruit crop's placement in the concrete region of the North Caucasus, we defined the repeatability of annual minimum air temperatures. The calculations of their repeatability are presented as nomograms that allow to reveal the structure of average values for the whole entire period of observation. The offered nomograms allow to define the probability of critical minimum temperature in any point of the North Caucasus and to predict a regularity of fruit crop's fruiting according to their overwintering. It is possible to define the probability of fruit crops ruin with use of offered nomograms in any region of the North Caucasus from adverse conditions of winter and spring periods. In this research the probability of ruin of apricot floral buds from sharp temperature fluctuations in January February under conditions of Krasnodar is calculated and the possible frost resistance of apricot plants in this area is defined.