Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The purpose of research was improvement of the production technology of cognac distillates on the basis of their fractionation and the accelerated maturing. The object of research are the cognac wine materials, prepared from mixture of the European grapes varieties. In the process of research of cognac distillates and cognacs the standard analysis methods regulated by standard documentation, and also gas chromatographic methods with use of the gas-liquid Agilent Technology 6890 chromatograph are used. The chemical composition of cognac distillates is researched, as a result the criterions of quality of cognac spirits for production of cognacs of various categories are established. Their quantitative and qualitative assessment is given, the requirements to young cognac distillates taking into account the directions of their use are developed. The optimum ranges of the content in the young cognac distillates of the main groups of volatile impurity are established. The mechanism of regulation and the schematic diagram of distillate fractionation process at spirit raw distillation are offered. It is established that the endurance of the cognac spirits processed by heat in the oak barrels for 3,5 and 7 years promoted the formation of higher (on 0,3-0,5 points) qualities of experimental spirits. As a result of the conducted research the production technology of cognac distillates was improved. The main stages of the offered technology are: the fractionation of cognac distillate in the process of distillation of alcohol raw on three distillate fractions; the accelerated maturing of cognac distillates at thermal treatment; the endurance of the processed cognac distillates in contact with oak wood. The apparatus and technological scheme of the advanced production technology of cognac spirits on the basis of their fractionation and the accelerated maturing are developed. The technological instruction for production of cognac spirits is developed and approved. The economic effect of its introduction was 129200 rub/one thousand decalitres.
In the recent years under the conditions of the South of Russia the strengthening of influence of stressful environmental impacts on of fruit plantings productivity is observed. It is necessary to refer to stressful influence the application of chemical means of plants protection also. The complex use of fertilizers and biologically active agents can be the ways of decrease in negative stressful impacts. The results of study of influence of complex application of insecticides with the growth regulator of Atonic Plus on agribiological and qualitative indicators of Golden Delishes apple-tree are given in the article. In 2010-2014, when a high number of a grapes-berry moth (from 24,4% to 72,0%) and stressful influence of the environment, the technology of phytophage regulation on the basis of complex application of chemical and microbiological insecticides is offered, that technology provided the control of a grapes-berry moth at the level of 94,4-98,9%. It is established that inclusion in the processing system of the growth regulator of Atonik Plus increased in length of one-year shoots of an apple-trees on 8,18 cm and the areas of leaf surface increased on 12,52 cm2. The smaller fall of fruits is noted, and it leds to an increase in a crop of apples on 8,6 t/hectare, in comparison with the control. It is shown that the application in the tank of mixture of the offered insecticides and the growth regulator of Atonik Plus promoted the improvement of biometric indicators of apple fruits. The more accumulation of organic acids (malic and amber) and biologically active ions of potassium (on 63 mg/dm3) and sodium (on 12,1 mg/dm3) and decrease in concenration of dry substances is noted (for 1,1%). These changes have led to increase in duration of fruits storage.
The basis of the modern system of protection of the pear plantations is the development of scientifically based schemes of application of highly effective preparations. Now the assortment of preparations alowed for application in pear plantings, does not provide the effective plants protection against pear sucker, therefore it is necessary to develop the effective schemes of preparations combination. It is noted that the use of tank mixtures you can slow down the adaptation of harmful organisms to applied preparations and reduce the pesticides load on the cultivated orchards area. In our experiments for protection of the pear plants the Dimilin, Aktara, Vertimek and tank mixtures of Dimilin with Aktara and Vertimek were used. In the carried out research the dependence of development studies of pear sucker from weather conditions is established. Over the years of research, the number of harmful individuals in the control version of Avgustovskaya Rosa pear was 15.9; 41.0; 49.3; and their number of Pamiati Yakovleva was 11.5; 74.5 and 30.7 on a branch it different years. It is shown that the individual application of insecticides and their use in the tank mixtures reduce the number of pear sucker pear wood. Biological efficiency of preparations in the experimental options depends from the number of the pest and used preparation. The most effective preparations of different mechanism of action for application in the pear orchards at different number of the pest are established. The most biological efficiency of preparations against pear wood pear sucker for pears plants both studied varieties is noted in case of use of tank mixture of dimilin + aktara (biological efficiency reaches 99,1 %).
For the last decades the use of various means of preservation are sharply increased in the food industry, including antibiotics. Use of means of preservation is need for prolongation of expiration dates of production by way of protection against microbic damage, however there are real the facts of antibiotics detection in the samples of wine-making production. The purpose of research was the theoretical justification and development of a technique of definition of microbial origin preservatives in the wines. The samples of wine-making production, and also a food samplement - Natamaks were the objects of research. It is noted that preservatives of mikrobial origin - Natamitsin and Nizin merit the attention as there are the scientific disputes about their use in the industrial wine-making. Their application is connected with lack of influence on an organoleptik of the product which is exposed to processing. It is shown that consequences of interaction of antibiotics with component content of wine-making production, and also the norms of their use under the various conditions aren't studied yet. Therefore the questions of possibility of application of a Natamitsin and Nizin in the wine-making and development of an available technique of detection of their residual quantities in the finished production are actual. Monitoring of the wine-making market of Russia according to the maintenance of antibiotics wasn't carried out. In the article the opportunities and new methodical approaches for the analysis of preservatives of a mikrobian origin in the wine-making production by means of a capillary electrophoresis are considered. The methodical solutions on definition of Natamitsin antibiotic in the wine-making production are proposed. It is specified that the use of a highly effective capillary electrophoresis as an analytical method for definition of preservatives of a mikrobian origin will promote the carrying out of monitoring of the Russia wine-making market as regard the maintenance of antibiotics and safety of wine-making production.
In the struggle for a saler's market of fruitage production the producer with high fruits quality and their low prime cost is winning. For economy of production costs of fruit's the low-cost elements of technology are introduced. The Stavropol Experimental Station of gardening tested the technology of a garden using the saplings on the rootstocks with grafting at the height of 40 cm. Increase in deep of saplings during when landing on 20 cm more than previous recommendations allows you to increase trees fixation in the soil and to get rid of an expensive support. The introduction of the offered technology significantly depends on quality of saplings with grafting at the height of 40 cm, profitability of their production and selection of low growing rootstock which is optimal conforming to requirements of the technological process. For selection of low growing rootstock corresponding to the production technology of saplings with a high grafting the dwarf and semi-dwarfish apple-tree rootstocks: of M9, CK4, T337, M9EMLA, MM102 and CK2. The carried out research showed that the T337 dwarf rootstock and MM102 semi-dwarfish rootstock are the most technological for cultivation of saplings with a high grafting. They have the straight well rooting layers, in the first field of nursery the central trunk doesn't deviate from vertical position. To the time of carrying out of grafting the height of plants reaches 95-106 cm. The central trunk has a thickness of 8-10 mm at the height of 40 cm and it allows you to execute a high grafting qualitatively. The receiving of standard saplings on these rootstocks with grafting at the height of 40 cm reach 98 % of quantity of all layers landed in the first field.