Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The data on ampelographic Screening of vegetating seedlings of Don autochthonous grape varieties are presented. To describe morphological features we used the method of testing for distinctness, uniformity and stability of grapevine (Vitis L.) and the OIV descriptor a descriptive guidance for encoding of ampelographic features and properties of any phenotypic individuals of grapevines. It allowed us to systematize the studied features, unify and bring them into compliance with international requirements. This article presents an information about the most wide spreading Don autochthonous grape wine varieties Varyushkin, Krasnostop Zolotovsky, Plechistik, Tsimlyansky Cherniy, belonging to the East Caucasian subgroup of varieties of the Black sea basin and table variety of Puhlyakovsky Beliy a natural hybrid of native Don variety and an Eastern one. These grape varieties are included in the State register of breeding achievements approved for use. The description of morphological features was carried out when the length of the grafted grape sapling shoot was 50-70 sm. In accordance with the method, the following definitions were used: the top of a young shoot, a shoot, a young leaf, and mature leaf. Morphologicalbiological study of the features of grafted vegetating grape saplings in the historical conditions of growth of this varieties group (Novocherkassk) was presented. An ampelographic description is given. It is noted that the morphological characteristics of vegetating saplings differ significantly from the morphological characteristics of adult fruit-bearing bushes, some features differ in modification variability and depend on the growing conditions. The information obtained as a result of the research can be used for testing the vine nurseries and creating pure-variety plantings.
This paper presents the results of agrobiological evaluation of new table hybrid forms of grapes under the stressful agroecological conditions of the Volgograd Region. The research was carried out using the modern field research methods under atypical weather conditions in 2019. As the object of research, the hybrid forms of table grapes were used: Agat Dubovsky, Akello, Arabella, Artek, Valencia, Hamlet, Ispolin, Kishmish Dubovsky, Courage, Timothy. These hybrids have high taste characteristics and organoleptic properties. They give a good harvest even in adverse years, and have the signs of resistance to biotic and abiotic factors for the unstable and stressful climate of the South of Russia. Under unstable weather conditions of 2019 in the Volgograd Region, these hybrid forms were distinguished by the main indicators of productivity: Agat Dubovsky, Courage and Valencia. These hybrids were selected by increased indicators of fruiting coefficients and fruitfulness coefficients, productivity index and yield capacity. The manifestation of high agrobiological characteristics of these hybrids in stressful weather and climate conditions was primarily facilitated by their high adaptive potential. For the same conditions of Vogograd Region, the hybrids with low indicators of fruiting and fruitfulness coefficients, productivity index, and yield were identified, among which the Akello and Hamlet were noted. Positive and negative agrobiological characteristics, as well as adaptive potential of the grape hybrid forms under study, should be considered as preliminary in relation to atypical agroecological conditions in 2019. For more knowledges and in-depth conclusions, the research will continue.
The paper presents the results of the study of uvological indicators of table grape varieties carried out in 2017-2019 on the Don ampelographic collection named after Ya.I. Potapenko (Novocherkassk, Rostov Region). The varieties were studied in grafted culture on the rootstock of Berlandieri × Riparia Kober 5BB. Planting scheme was 3.0 × 1.5 m, non-watering culture. The study of grape varieties was carried out using generally accepted methods in viticulture and State Standards. At the tasting of fresh berries, 64 varieties were presented from the collection, 9 of them were seedless. Measurements of bunches and berries were made, the average weight of berries and crop conditions were determined (sugar content of berry juice and titrated acidity), and varieties were ranked according to these indicators. The largest bunches were in the grape varieties of Valentine, Oktyabrenok, Muscat Derbentskiy, Zarya Nesvetaya, Aku-Aku (the length of the bunch is 24 sm or more). Methods for the quality assessing of table grapes are based on subjective analysis, and on instrumental measurements that correlate with organoleptic properties and can be used as predictors of consumer acceptability. The highest average weight of the berry was in the grape varieties of Valentina (11.5 g), Marshalsky (8.3 g), Nadezhda AZOS, Rusmol (8.1 g), Bart (7.9 g), Cardinal Ustoychiviy (7.4 g), Black Rose (7.1 g), Zarya Nesvetaya (7.0 g). According to the research, a number of table varieties stand out due to a set of morphological (tasting evaluation of fresh grapes, size of buncheas and berries, berry weight, crop conditions): Valentina, Pamyati Negrulya, Nadezhda AZOS as well as the seedless grapes of Kishmish Luchistiy, Sublima Seedless, Arsenevsky.
Russia apricot production is on 16 place in the world. Basically, it is cultivated in the Southern regions of Russia, as it is a warm and light-loving plant, characterized by early flowering. It requires a smaller set of positive temperatures than for other fruit-trees to get out of the dormant stage, so the flower buds damaged often die to recurrent frosts and early frosts. Increase in the production of this very demanded and useful crop product requires a precise selection of specific conditions of the growing environment necessary for stable fruiting, especially in the winterspring period. In connection with climate change, it is necessary to constantly monitor the strength and direction of changes in weather stresses and possible with it modifications to the growing areas. The analysis of temperature data for the period 1950-2020 made it possible to reveal a clearly manifested cyclicality of the difference between the daily maximum and minimum air temperatures in time with a 30-year interval. It has been established that the apricot wood can be able to withstand the absolute minimum up to -30 ºΡ, and the flower buds in the forced dormancy phase up to -22 ºΡ. According to it, since 1890, a study of the frequency of the onset of absolute minimum temperatures for thirty-year periods has been carried out. It is noted that the most frequent manifestations of temperature stresses, fatal for this crop, are observed in two periods 1921-1951 and 1952-1982. The data obtained made it possible to develop a new version of apricot zoning in the Krasnodar Territory for the period up to 2030, based on computer technologies using. The results of this work will allow us to expand the area of cultivation of this valuable crop and avoid the risks in the process of crops obtaining.
The orography of the Central Ciscaucasia regions, determines a high degree of diversity of the natural composition of vegetation, including fruit wild plants with nutritional, medicinal, technical, perfumery properties and many other economically significant signs. In this regard, a special place is occupied by a strip of the mid-mountain belt with altitudes of 500 - 1200 meters above sea level, which is extremely diverse in terms of geohydrological conditions. Due to the considerable remoteness of the Central Ciscaucasia Region from the Black Sea basin from the West and from the Caspian from the East, a peculiar complex of tree and shrub plants with an abundance of endemic species of fruit wild plants has developed here, which are the important resource for receiving of quality and original on biochemical composition production. The methodological aspects of the study of natural thickets of fruit wild plants are presented and the main indicators for assessing the productivity and quality of the medlar harvest are revealed and presented in this article. The characteristic features of thickets and individual plants are given for the isolation of protoclone shoots from them, which have valuable economic properties. As a result of the studies carried out, it was established: the influence of individual landscape elements like height bend and slope exposure the abundance of German medlar plants in natural communities of tree and shrub species, as well as productivity and morphological indicators of fruits, including those with signs of cloning. The dependence of the yield of saplings on the species characteristics of rootstocks is revealed. The preservation of natural thickets and the introduction of the Germanic medlar in culture allows us to solve the social-economic issues of modern gardening in the regions of the Central Ciscaucasia.