Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The effectiveness of protective measures in the viticulture largely depends on the timeliness of their implementation, the correctness of the chosen processing time of plantations, schemes of spraying, infectious background, antiresistant strategiy for drugs use. This article presents the results of a two-year study on possibility and efficiency of PFKleros application for technical grape variety of Chardonnay, 1977 landing, in the conditions of Southern coast of Crimea. In the study the well-known viticulture methods are used. It was established that triple vineyard treatment with the tested preparation PFKleros reduces Tetranychidae population by 69.2-85.7 %, depending on the application rate, which is consistent with the results obtained under application of standard preparation Zolon. The biological effectiveness of the protection system engaging triple treatment against oidium made 7.5 %, which is consistent with the results obtained under application of standard preparation Topaz. The results of research showed that treatments with PFKleros preparation on average increase in the harvest of Chardonnay grapes by 38.5-50.0 %, where as the yield surplus is estimated at 2.0-2.6 t/ha. The positive effect of the studied preparation on the quality of Chardonnay grapes was confirmed, as demonstrated by increased from 2.4 up to 7.3 % sugar mass concentration in the berry juice. It was established that treatments with PFKleros preparation catalyze growth processes. The positive effect of the studied preparation was reflected in the increased by 13.3-25.7 % shoot length on overage, increased by 14.8-24.4 % in leaf surface and increased by 9.1-18.9 % in extent of shoot lignification, as compared to control (the plants without of treatment).
To date, the domestic market of cork means is very diverse and capacious. However, not every cork is suitable for corking the wine products. The quality of this cork up is subject to a number of requirements in terms of appearance, physical and chemical characteristics, mechanical properties and safety indicators, because of direct contact with food products occurs. The main cork means in winemaking are cork from natural wood, synthetic corks from various materials (glass, metal, plastic, etc.), as well as a new generation of hybrid corks obtained from a mix of natural and synthetic components of raw materials. Recent studies on cork means Indicate a constant aggravation in the quality of cork plugs entering in the Russian market and as a result, there is a systematic filling of this niche by the plugs made of synthetic materials. The paper describes the various types of cork means used for cork up the wines, their positive and negative sides are indicated. The data on the study of the main qualitative characteristics are presented. It has been established that the use of natural corks often leads to a violation of the organoleptic and microbiological indicators of wines due to the transfer of foreign particles and microorganisms located both on the surface and inside the natural corks. Cork up by synthetic corks does not allow a long aging of wines and lead often to the formation of synthetic tones unusual for wine production in taste and aroma. New types of corks are proposed, made from combined raw materials using the unique technologies, the manufacturers of these corks guarantee their stable quality.
In connection with the increase in the gene pool of seed crops at the Krymsk EBS VIR Branch, it became necessary to plant the preserved genotypes according to the compacted scheme to reduce the area of gardens under the preserved genotypes. The results of preserving the gene pool of seed crops in vivo in the intensive orchards of the Krymsk EBS on various clonal rootstocks are presented. Resource-saving technologies have been developed for the conservation of genotypes of pome crops with a compacted planting scheme. Varieties of apple trees in the scientific institutions of the Southern Regions of the Russian Federation can be optimally stored on the mid-root stocks, in particular MM 106, which do not require supporting structures and watering from 2-3 years of cultivation in the garden, with a planting scheme of 4.0-5.0 × 1.5 m. Quince and pear genotypes compatible with quince, to achieve small crowns, it is possible to store quinces on clone rootstocks, incompatible pear varieties on clone pear rootstocks (PyroDwarf and others) that reduce growth, also with a compacted planting scheme 4.0-5, 0 × 1.5 m. The formation of crowns is recommended fusiform to obtain fruits with the aim of testing genotypes according to morphological characteristics, initial testing them on economically valuable qualities and identifying donors and sources. Minimum measures for vermin`s and diseases control in storage gardens are carried out (2-3 sprayings from scab and vermin`s) in order to save resources and create an infectious background for harmful diseases. During the growing season of trees, 3-fold mowing of the grass in the aisles and the application of herbicides on the trunks area are recommended. At the end of the growing season, an eradicating spray should be carried out.
The production of Russian wine is based on the use of active dry yeast imported into the Russian Federation from European countries France, Germany, Italy. Meanwhile, it is known that the high-quality wines of a geographical name must be produced using the local yeast races. The search for such races (strains) is an urgent task. Analysis of the genetic diversity of wild yeast populations and the creation of their collections is a necessary initial step in creating the new promising strains for industrial winemaking. Such studies are ongoing in Europe to create terroarspecific yeast strains. Grapes were sampled to isolate and study the new local strains of wine yeast in the vineyards of Temryuk and Anapa districts of the Krasnodar Territory. DNA isolation, conditions for PCR and fragment analysis were carried out according to current methods. To analyze the polymorphism length of amplified fragments during SSR genotyping, a fragment analysis was used on an ABIprism 3130 automated genetic analyzer. The data obtained were visualized in Gene Mapper v 4.1. A variety of species and genera of yeast on the surface of grape berries has been established. Moreover, the yield of saccharomycetes amounted to about 30 % of the total number of monospore cultures obtained for each of the selection points. The results of the analysis of genetic Relationships and a number of technological characteristics of strains of Saccharomyces sp. Isolated from natural population in ampelocenoses are presented. It was revealed that the geographical factor influenced the occurrence of genetic isolation. The genetically removed strains display the significant differences in a number of physiological and biochemical characteristics.
The article presents the results of a study of the clarification ability properties of bentonites from BIOrost LLC (Russia), whose products are vinobent and bentovine, in comparison with bentonite activatit (Germany) when processing white and red table wine materials. When processing the white table wine materials, the best results were obtained when using the options 1, 2 (both BentoVinum Gold) and 4 (bentovin). When they were used according to the degree of clarification, results were obtained that were identical to the control (Germany activit). BentoVinum Gold bentonites, bentovin, vinobent and activit (control) had the highest sorption capacity in relation to suspensions of wine. When processing red table wine materials, it has been established that bentonites with high lightening ability BentoVinum Gold, bentovin, vinobet and activit (control) remove more that one phenolic substances. Therefore, when processing the red wines with these minerals, it is necessary to carry out the test pasting at lower dosages of bentonites. It was established that the degree of dispersion (particle size) in the case of BentoVinum Gold bentonite had no effect on the clarification ability of the mineral: identical results were obtained for both particle sizes. In case of the use of bentovin and, especially, vinobent with a decrease in particle size, the clarifications ability was improved. Analysis of the experimental data suggests that as a result of contact with the analyzed bentonites, the wine materials were enriched with sodium and calcium cations. This is due to the presence of mobile sodium ions (in sodium forms) and calcium (calcium bentonites) in the interlayer of the mineral and their exchange for the corresponding components of wine. It has been proven that BentoVinum Gold, bentovin, vinobent can be used for import substitution.