Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Research of foreign and domestic scientists show that in 80% of the cases, the breaking of wines hardiness is caused by the formation of crystalline precipitates of the potassium and calcium tartaric salts and it is explained by a violation of wine ionic equilibrium. At present, to achieve a full crystalline stabilization of wine production, it is most effective, perspective and economically advantageous to use an electrodialysis. In connection with this, our goal was to study the influence of electrodialysis treatment the degree of metal cations elimination from wine, and as a result, its stability to crystalline dimness. As objects of research, white the wine materials from muscat types of grapes were used. The processing of the wine material was carried out on an electrodialysis device belonging to the Yubileinaya Winery LLC. With the help of the Stabilab laboratory instrument specially developed for electrodialysis, the coefficient of wine instability (DIT) before the treatment was determined and testing, confirming the stability of the wines after electrodialysis treatment (ISTC 50) was carried out. It has been established by research that the cations of ammonium and calcium are removed to the greatest degree by means of electrodialysis 33,1 % and 26,5 %, respectively. Electrodialysis promotes the removal of 18,6 %-16,8 % of sodium and magnesium cations. The potassium cations are removed in less degree only 2,8 % of their amount in the wine. It was found that the wines tested after the electrodialysis process were stable to crystalline dimness. The results obtained in our study are further planned to be used to create a data bank with the subsequent development of dialysis concentrations of controlled indexes of wine stability.
As a result of the research, the most harmful entomo-pato complexes of stone fruit crops were identified, the time of their appearance, the severity, and the nature of the interaction of harmful species, that is necessary for phytosanitary monitoring and understanding of the mechanisms of their structural interactions. There was simultaneous infection of shoots and leaves with powdery mildew and colonization of plum hyphae of Hyaloplerus arundinis F. In the second part of the vegetation in the plantations of cherry and sweet cherry, an entomo-pathocomplex was identified as "Coccomyces hiemalis Higgins. - Myzus cerasi F.". There is a tendency for joint infection of the sweet cherry leaves (Phyllosticta prunicola (Opiz.) and Stephanitis pyri F. with a circle moth, pear bug, phyllostectosis. The tendency to fix the pathocomplexes in the stone fruit orchards is revealed: "cocomicosis-clasterosporium", "leaf curliness-clasterosporium", and it increases the fungal pathogen activity. In cherry trees, the alternaria develops independently as well as in the composition of fungal complexes, in particular with Clasterosporium carpophilum Aderh. There are Alternaria sp., fungi in the sweet cherry fruits, as Fumago vagans Pers in the plum- tree, as well as epiphytic fungi of the genus Fusarium. The development of Cl. Carpophilum are on the leaves affected by milky lustre of all stone fruit crops. Because of the excess of two and more times the norm of precipitation is more common on the fruits of the pathogens complex of stimulants of Monilia fructigena Pers. and Botrytis cinerea Pers. The obtained monitoring data allow to determine the strategy for optimization of the phytosanitary condition of stone fruit plantations and to develop the methodological and practical approaches to manage the production process of stone fruit plantations.
Ditilenchus, caused by the stem nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci, is a particularly dangerous disease of strawberry in the Southern Region of Russia. The disease is common on industrial plantations, in farmer and subsidiary farms of the region, as well as in the breeding collections of the Maikop experimental station. In the area of activity of the NCFSCHVW, industrial plantations of strawberry are free from ditilenchus for more than thirty years. The purpose of our research is to identify the resistant to the stem nematode of species of agricultural crops provided the production and adaptive potential of strawberry garden. The article presents data on the influence of various plant species strawberry ditilenchus and the identification of resistant crops to stem nematodes. 29 kinds of agricultural crops were studied, an invasion of almost all plant species at a young age was noted, with the exception of soft wheat and tomato and cabbage seedlings. The appearance of symptoms of strawberry defeat is shown no earlier than 4-6 weeks after inoculation. Our obtained results confirm the data of foreign research that the stem nematode is capable to cause significant damage to plant species under the condictions of significant soil contamination, regardless of whether they contribute the reproduction of the corresponding races of ditilenchus. It is established: onion, buckwheat, peas, oats, to a lesser extent solanaceous and umbrella crops (except carrots), were susceptible to stem nematode close to strawberry on both indicators. Pumpkin, alfalfa and red clover are non-tolerant crops, without maintaining the reproduction of the parasite. Wheat, barley, corn, beet, cabbage, carrots, radish have shown the resistance to ditilenchus, and these crops can contribute to increase in the productive and adaptive potential of strawberry.
The aim of the work is to study the complex of biopolymers of new grape varieties and clones in comparison with classical European varieties. White and red table and liqueur wine materials made from different grape varieties, including the varieties of local breeding, clones of interspecific and intraspecific hybrids, were used as research objects. The wine materials made from the classic grape varieties of Cabernet-Sauvignon, Aligote, Chardonnay, Sauvignon white are used as a control. New data on the composition of biopolymers of must, white and red grape wines made from interspecies and intraspecific hybrids of grapes, varieties of local breeding and clones are obtained; the difference in the composition and concentration of biopolymers is shown. It has been established that the complex of biopolymers of hybrid and classical grape varieties differs: in classical varieties, this complex has a protein-phenolic or protein-polysaccharide nature, and hybrid polysaccharide compound predominate in the hybrid varieties. Such differences can occur only at the genetic level in the process of a grape plant development under the influence of a complex of man-made and anthropogenic factors. The influence of grape variety on the structure of biopolymers is shown. In the complex of biopolymers of red grape varieties, the proportion of phenolic compounds increases. At the same time, the complex of biopolymers of classical varieties has protein-phenolic nature, and hybrid varieties have phenol-polysaccharide nature. The greatest concentration of biopolymers was found in the must of grape varieties of Saperavi> Krasnostop Anapsky> Antaris> Krasnostop Azos. The obtained results indicate that the technology of grapes processing has a significant effect the concentration and ratio of components of high molecular compounds in the biopolymers complex. These conclusions are of great importance for the selection of clarifying and stabilizing agents, especially enzyme preparations.
The aim of this work was the development of new methodological approaches for the integrated assessment of thuya varieties. A new scale for the estimation of adaptive and decorative features is presented on the example of introduced varieties of the Thuja L. genus. The results of a complex assessment of two species representatives are presented: Thuja occidentalis L. Brabant, Degroots Spire, Malonyana, Mini Smaragd, Brobeck's Tower, Litomysl, Smaragd Variegata; Thuja plicata L. varieties of Zebrina, Atrovirens, Can-Can, Dura. The assessment made it possible to develop an evaluation scale, that includes the signs of adaptability winter hardiness, drought resistance, disease resistance, wind resistance, as well as decorative features crown architecture, crown coloring in summer and winter, needle aroma, maximum decorative period. Each sign was assessed on a 5-point scale, where 1 point is the minimum value, 5 points is the maximum value of the characteristic. When calculating the total mark, each mark obtained for a particular sign was indexed by means of a transfer coefficient of significance (P), the value of which was determined by the duration of each characteristic action. Taking into account the new methodological approaches, in the Southern Region an evaluation scale of the characteristics of introduced thuya varieties is suggested resistance to abiotic and biotic factors of the environment and decorativity, which can be used to estimate the other coniferous plants. The results obtained made it possible to select the groups of thuya varieties: highly decorative (80-95 points) Degroots Spire, Mini Smaragd, Atrovirens, Dura; decorative (65-79 points) Brabant, Can-Can, Smaragd Variegata, Brobeck's Tower, Malonyana. The selected thuya varieties are recommended for landscape gardening in the Krasnodar Territory.