Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The work is devoted to the development of an algorithm for the allocation of terroirs on a given territory, ensuring the yield of grapes with specified qualitative characteristics. It is proposed to use methods of mathematical and geoinformation modeling, digital relief models, long-term meteorological data and soil maps of the analyzed territory. When working with cartographic data, it is proposed to use such methods as vectorization, rasterization, recalculation of rasters, classification and reclassification of rasters, overlay analysis. Agroecological factors that have the greatest impact on the formation of grape quality are identified and methods of their assessment are proposed, taking into account spatial variation under the influence of terrain and other terrain features: sum of active temperatures above 10 ºC, Huglin and Winkler indices, amount of precipitation for the year and the growing season, Selyaninov hydrothermal coefficient, average of absolute minima of air t emperature. This set of indicators is recommended to be used for the allocation of object-oriented grape-wine terroirs. Suggestions for using the algorithm to search for territories with specified parameters of soil and climatic conditions are given. The developed algorithm makes it possible to increase the accuracy of the ampeloecological assessment of the area, simplify and automate the process of selecting optimal lands for obtaining a given type of high-quality viticultural and wine products. The algorithm takes into account the features of spatial variation of the analyzed factors and allows you to accurately calculate the value of a factor at a given point, and also implies an integrated approach in assessing a large number of factors most significant for product quality.
MICROZONING OF GRAPE PLANTATIONS ON THE BASIS OF DIFFERENCE NORMALIZED INDICES FROM SATELLITE IMAGES
The purpose of the study is to determine the principles for the allocation of microzones of grape plantations according to the normalized indices of satellite images within the framework of the concept of terroir (a set of optimal soil, climatic factors and terrain features for wine varietal indicators). Vineyard microzoning can be carried out according to the physical and chemical composition of the soil, temperature fields, air and soil humidity, terrain morphometry, exposure and slope grade. The use of spectral data on the state of soil, plants, and the environment makes it possible to evaluate the parameters of terroirs by difference normalized indices. In the vineyard, it is possible to distinguish micro-sites with different terroir properties, which is manifested in the growth force of the bushes, their yield capacity and the degree of ripening of the grapes (in terms of sugar, acid and pH) and is reflected in the varietal indicators of the wine. Therefore, multispectral satellite images are an objective basis for assessing and identifying vineyard micro-sites with different terroir properties. Reliable interpretation of spectral satellite images is possible in the presence of reference data on soil indicators, the growth force of bushes according to phenophases, agricultural work carried out in the vineyard and row spacing, soil and air moisture. The joint analysis of satellite and ground data allows not only to reduce the number of route and field surveys and laboratory analyzes, but also to quickly make agro-management decisions on the use of the necessary resources. To solve this problem, it is possible to use open spectral data from the Sentinel-2 and Landsat-7-8 satellite platforms with a frequency of 2 to 5 days. The presence of a direct relationship between soil moisture, leaf area and yield capacity allows to determine the optimal micro-sites of high-quality winemaking for vine plantations of one variety on the basis of normalized vegetation indices NDVI, soil moisture NDMI and others.
In vitro micropropagation of garden strawberry and the establishment of micropropagation protocols are important tools for obtaining large quantities of planting material. In recent years, significant efforts have been made to propagate berry crops in vitro in order to obtain virus-free plants of high quality. However, despite the large number of studies on micropropagation of garden strawberry, the modification of the main method remains relevant today, since each variety has its own specific requirements for in vitro cultivation conditions. In this regard, the purpose of the study was to determine the characteristics of clonal micropropagation of garden strawberry variety Malvina. As a result of the work carried out, it was noted that it is effective to use a 0.5 % aqueous solution of OKA-TAB disinfectant tablets for sanitation of strawberry explants of the Malvina variety (exposure 5 minutes). The processing efficiency was 82.5 %. It has been established that at the stage of micropropagation of the strawberry variety Malvina, it is most effective to use the Murashige-Skoog medium with a kinetin content of 1.0 mg/l, which allows to obtain up to 15 shoots per explant. It was revealed that the strawberry root formation proceeds effectively on a hormone-free environment, in which from 4 to 6 roots are formed, the percentage of root formation was 95 %. The use of the microbiological preparation EM Bio at the stage of acclimatization of garden strawberry microplants to non-sterile ex vitro conditions contributed to an increase in the intensity of vegetative growth by 45-50 %. The plants had a stronger root system (56 % longer than in the control), and a higher adaptive capacity to ex vitro conditions.
Fruit crop virus has a negative effect on the timing of ripening and quality of fruit-bearing of plants. Virus free plants should be used for orchard set-up. Plum virus pox disease is a serious threat to horticulture because it has a wide range of host plants and able to spread in orchards in a short time. Methods for effective diagnosis of this virus are of high importance for the production of virus-free planting material. This work presents the results of testing and optimization of the method of plum virus pox disease diagnosis using PCR method with reverse transcription, as well as the evaluation of its effectiveness in comparison with commercial kit. Various tissues of PKSK 1, AI 1, VSL 1, and Gizela 5 rootstocks obtained in apical meristem culture and plum plants of Stanley cultivar ere used as the material. The concentration in the ratio of Oligo dT (Oligo(dT)15-primer) and Random (Random (dN)10-primer) primers we added was optimized (1:2), in order to increase the yield of specific viral cDNA fragments. The primer pair of the amplification control was matched to the region of the gene encoding the small subunit of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. For comparative evaluation, cDNA samples from plants obtained in vitro apical meristem culture and samples from symptomatic plants were used. After obtaining the preparation of total RNA, reverse transcription and amplification of the obtained cDNA were performed, followed by analysis of the products on an agarose gel. No nonspecific amplification products and single-stranded DNA were observed in the samples. Amplification products of positive controls were observed in all samples examined. The method we studied showed high efficiency compared to the control method.
In recent years, obtaining stable high yields of apple trees is limited by the impact of unfavorable factors of the winter period, including those resulting from local climate change. The purpose of this work is to evaluate the adaptation stability of the apple tree to winter stress on physiological and biochemical parameters, allocate the most stable varieties for the cultivation in the conditions of the Krasnodar region. Objects of research were the varieties of apple trees of various ecologic-geographical origin: Orfey, Idadred, Ligol, Prikubanskoye. Comparative studies of these varieties in the parameters of the water regime, the content of water-soluble sugars, soluble proteins, anthocyanins during the winter periods of 2020-2022 were carried out. It was revealed that the studied varieties of an apple tree in the conditions of an unstable climate of the South of Russia implement a similar mechanism for the formation of winter hardiness, which has quantitative differences in the content of some metabolites in the pre-winter and winter periods. It has been established that the cryoprotective function of water-soluble sugars has manifested as much as possible in the varieties Orfey and Ligol, their content increased by 2.57 and 2.69 times, respectively. Soluble proteins have made the greatest contribution to the formation of a protective response in varieties Orfey and Prikubanskoye in January, their content increased by 1.78 and 1.92 times, respectively, compared to December. The protective function of the anthocyanians was maximally manifested in December in the Orfey variety, in the bark of which there was an increase in their content by 5.23 times. The physiological and biochemical adaptation of the apple trees to the low temperatures of the winter period is achieved by increasing the fraction of the bound water in the total water content, increase the content of water-soluble sugars, proteins and anthocyanins in the bark and buds. According to the obtained data, the apple tree varieties Orfey and Prikubanskoe proved to be more adaptive in comparison with other studied varieties in the conditions of the pre-winter and winter periods and are recommended for cultivation in the Krasnodar region.