Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The article presents the results of many years of scientific research on the selection of hybrid forms of grapes into the elite during breeding work at the Anapa zonal experimental station of viticulture and wine-making. These hybrids are studied at the hybrid site to identify a complex of economically valuable and adaptively significant traits and properties that exceed standard varieties. The ultimate goal is to create new promising zoned varieties. The bush training system is a vertical trellis. The formation is standard, cordon type Spiral cordon AZOS-1. The feeding area is 3.5 x 2.0 m. The relief of the site is flat-lying, the slope of the south-western exposure. Three elite forms of the technical direction of use are distinguished: K-73-1 (F/U Dzhemete x Krasnostop Anapskiy) the form of the average ripening period; K-74-17 (F/U Dzhemete x Krasnostop Anapskiy) the average ripening period; K-74-24 (Cabernet Franc x F/U Dzhemete) the form of average ripening period. On the studied elite hybrid forms of the technical direction of use, the following researches were carried out: phenological observations, agrobiological records, morphological and biochemical analyses. Among the elite hybrid forms of the technical direction of use, the highest fruitfulness coefficient k1 is in K-74-24 1,4, and the lowest in K-73-1 1,1. The studied forms are slightly superior i n the mechanical composition of the bunches to the control variety, especially the ratios of stems and berries, juice and pulp with skin and seeds. Based on morphological and chemical analyses, the studied technical elite hybrid forms of grapes are recommended for making wine in dry and dessert versions, since they have a high glucoacidometric index and the content of phenolic substances in the must.
The authors of the article show the results of studies of several new places of growing wild forms of grapes in the Krasnodar region, namely on the territory of the state nature reserve Utrish, the nature reserve Red Forest, in the forests and floodplain of the Psebeps river of the Crimean district. In the Utrish Nature Reserve, grape populations were discovered and studied in the tracts: Waterfall Gap, Wide Gap and Lobanova Gap. During the expeditions, ecological and geographical characteristics of the habitats of wild forms of grapes were given, a complete description of the vegetation of the studied ecotopes was carried out, as well as morphological and biological qualitative and quantitative indicators (more than 40 units) of wild grapes, as well as their phytosanitary condition were studied in detail. When analyzing scientific literature data, it was found that there is insufficient scientific information on the ecological c onditions of growth and biological features of both the genus Vitis L. and the entire Vitaceae Juss family. This is especially true of Kuban wild plants, feral forms and autochthons of grapes. In this regard, there is an urgent need for this study. The study of wild grapes was carried out using route- reconnoitering, geobotanical, ampelographic, analytical methods. As a result, the variability of many morphological indicators of the vegetative and generative spheres of wild grape plants was found to varying degrees, both at the interpopulation and endogenous levels. Populations, as well as individual grape plants, differ in: the shape of the leaf blade, the openness of the tip of the young shoot, the degree of weblike cotton of the crown of the young shoot, the depth of the upper lateral clippings of the leaf, the degree of cotton of the underside of the leaf, etc. The following pathogens were detected on wild grape forms: Erysiphe necator (Schw.) Burrill, Phomopsis viticola Sacc., Gloeosporium ampelophagum (Pass.) Sacc. Damage to the leaf apparatus was found from following pests: Colomerus vitis Pgst. (grape bud mite), Metcalfa pruinosa Say. (flatid planthopper), and polyphagous leaf-eating insects.
The aroma of fruits is an important consumer trait of strawberry varieties. Among the most important aromatic substances contained in strawberry fruits is γ-decalactone, which has a peach-like, fruity sweet aroma. The present study shows the results of the molecular genetic analysis of strawberry varieties and selected forms created in the "I.V. Michurin Federal Scientific Center", according to the FaFAD1 gene involved in the biosynthesis of γ-decalactone, to identify promising genotypes for breeding to fruit aroma. The biological objects of the study were strawberry varieties and selected forms of the breeding "I.V. Michurin FSC": Lastochka, Privlekatelnaya, Urozhaynaya CGL, Feyyerverk, Flora, Yarkaya, 26-5 (Rubinovyy kulon × 298-19-9-43), 56-5, 56-8 (Gigantella Maxim × Privlekatelnaya), 61-12 (Bylinnaya × Olimpiyskaya nadezhda), 72-25 (Privlekatelnaya ×Bylinnaya), 928-12 (298-19-9-43 × Privlekatelnaya), 932-29 (F. virginiana subsp. platypetala (Rydb.) Staudt × Feyyerverk) and 298-19-9-43 (FB2 F. orientalis Los., F. moschata Duch., F. × ananassa Duch.). Genomic DNA extraction was carried out from young leaves according to the modified CTAB method. The FaFAD1 gene was identified with dominant DNA marker FaFAD1. As the result of the molecular genetic research, the following strawberry selected forms, promising for breeding to improved fruit aroma, were identified: 72-25 (Privlekatelnaya × Bylinnaya), 56-8 (Gigantella Maxim × Privlekatelnaya), 61-12 (Bylinnaya × Olimpiyskaya nadezhda), which are characterized by the presence of a functional allele of the FaFAD1 gene. The strawberry selected form 72-25 (Privlekatelnaya × Bylinnaya) is additionally characterized by the presence of the FaOMT gene in the heterozygous state, so this form is a complex source of fruit aroma genes (FaOMT and FaFAD1).
The paper presents the results of the evaluation of 8 hybrid pink-flowered forms of strawberry for the some economically valuable traits. Selections 1-28-12, 7-20-12, 6-9-12 (Djeni), 8-24-12, 3-27-12, 8-9-12 were studied from the hybrid combination Belrubi × F1 C-141 and 6-14-12, one form 5-9-15 was studied from the combination Onda × F1 Toscana. The analysis of the variability of breeding samples was carried out by the traits of the productivity and quality of the berry: the number of inflorescences, the number of berries, the weight of the 1st order berry, the average weight of the berry, the density of the pulp of the berry, the content of total soluble solids, the sum of sugars, acidity, sugar-acid index, the content of vitamins C, P and anthocyanins. The aim of this work was to evaluate hybrid pink-flowered forms on the traits of productivity and quality of berry and to identify the best ones for use in home gardening in the North Caucasian region. Programs and methods generally accepted in Russia were used for the research. A comprehensive study of strawberry hybrids by the economically valuable characters was provided the distribution of the studied forms on the groups using the cluster analysis by the Ward's method. With a linkage distance of 62.0 cu/s three groups were distinguished, which included one, two and five hybrid numbers of strawberry, respectively. The selection efficiency of partition into cluster groups of the studied hybrid forms of strawberry in accordance with their genotypically determined mutual affinity was also verified by plotting a graphical distribution of hybrids on the plane of the X and Y coordinate axes. As a result of a comprehensive breeding and genetic assessment of hybrid pink-flowered forms of strawberry by the traits of productivity and quality of berry, the best of them were selected for use in the home gardening in the North Caucasian region: 5-9-15 from the Onda × F1 Toscana combination, as well as 1-28- 12, 7-20-12, 3-27-12 and 8-24-12 from Belrubi×F1 C-141.
Due to recent climatic changes a decrease in the amount of precipitation in the phenophase of berry growth and ripening, the issues of drought resistance of grapes, the selection of the most resistant varieties are relevant. The purpose of the work is to study the structural and functional changes of the leaves of various grape varieties under the influence of stressors of the summer period, to identify highly drought-resistant varieties for cultivation in the Anapo-Taman zone of the Krasnodar region. The objects of research are grape varieties of various ecological and geographical origin: Kristall (control) Euro-Amuro-American origin; Krasnostop AZOS, Dostoynyi Euro-American origin; Vostorg Amuro-American origin; Zarif Eastern origin; Aligote Western European origin. Differences in the hydration of leaf tissues and the content of photosynthetic pigments associated with the formation of a protective response to meteorological conditions in the summer of 2019-2021 were found. The following features was found in the varieties Kristall, Krasnostop AZOS, Vostorg, Zarif, identified as highly resistant to summer stresses: the smallest decrease in the water content of leaf tissues (1.3-2.3 %), in contrast to the varieties Dostoynyi and Aligote (by 2.9 %); - a slight (by 7.4-9.1 cm2 ) decrease in leaf area, in contrast to the varieties Dostoynyi and Aligote (by 27.5-29.3 cm2 ); - the most stable content of the total chlorophylls during the summer growing season, a decrease in their content (by 0.22-0.36 mg/g wet weight) in in contrast to varieties Dostoynyi and Aligote, in which the decrease was 0.69-0.88 mg/g fresh weight; - the lowest values of chlorophylls/carotenoids are 2.0-2.8, in contrast to the varieties Dostoynyi, Aligote - 3.3 and 3.4, respectively. The grape varieties Kristall, Krasnostop AZOS, Vostorg, Zarif, according to physiological and biochemical parameters, proved to be highly drought-resistant for cultivation in the Anapa-Taman zone of the Krasnodar region and use in breeding.