Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Stability of development of national economy demands the implementation of state regulation measures for overcoming of reduction of national genetic resources of animals and plants. In a national strategy of preservation of Russia biodiversity the important part is assigned to creation of information system on genetic resources. The Vitis collections are in the world on the 23rd place. The largest holders of grapes collections are the institutes of France and Germany. In the world a lot of work on creation of national and global information banks of plants genetic resources is carried out. Since 2008 the Genesys project - the world information center of genetic resources of agricultural plants is carried out. It unites the following information resources: SINGER, EURISCO and GRIN. The international organizations and the government organizations of the USA develop the international databank of plants genetic resources of GRIN-Global. The international bibliographic database of VITIS-VEA grapes is created. On the basis of Federal scientific center of cultural plants of JKI (Germany) in 2007 the European database of grapes (The European Vitis Database) is created. At the N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of genetic resources of plants for management of a collection from 1970th the database of genetic resources of plants is developed, replenished and modified. This base contains the information on 202725 samples of the main catalog. The priority in creation of a databank on grapes in the CIS countries belongs to Institute of grapes and wine "Magarach". The database of a gene pool of the Russian ampelographic collection (Anapa) contains the information on 50 indicators. In the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Vine growing and Winemaking (Novocherkassk) the work on creation of database of an ampelographic collection of Institute is carried out. The methodology of creation of the electronic database of grapes genetic resources is developed.
Genetic resources of fruit plants is the one of the most important components of biological diversity having the actual value for industry of fruit production and creation of raw materials for processing industry. In this regard the problems of studying and rational use of genetic collections are especially actual and they have connected with ensuring of food safety of the country. The results of use of genetic resources of stone fruit crops under the conditions of the South of Russia are presented in this article. The main directions of cherry breeding under the conditions of the southern gardening as the adaptability, and quality of fruits are shown. The characteristic is given to the cherry varieties of local breeding received on the basis of methods of trans-varieties and trans-species and hybridization and a mutagenesis. It is shown the efficiency of the directed breeding with use of sources of valuable traits allowed you to create the cherry varieties of new generation, steady against the dominate diseases (cocomicosus and monilia), drought-resistant, productive and with the high quality of fruits. By results of breeding work in the State register of breeding achievements of the Russian Federation has included by two cherry varieties of breeding of the North Caucasian Regional Research Institute - Kirina and Krasnodarskaya sladkaya differing in high quality of fruits and productivity. The cherry varieties of different term of ripening are transferred to the State variety testing in the Region: early ripening - Aleksa and Cazachka, average ripening - Cubanochka, and variety of Nora of late term of ripening. The patent is taken out on Aleksa cherry. New varieties expand the zoned and promising assortment of stone fruit crops of domestic breeding and give the chance for creation of varieties resistant against biotic and abiotic stresses and for creation of steadily fructifying and highly productive cherry plantings in the South of Russia.
At the All-Russian research institute of a lupine (Bryansk), the Astachovsky walnut variety is created and in 2015 it is allowed to use in the South of the Nonchernozem zone by the State register of breeding achievements. The new variety is created by A.I. Astakhov using the selection from posterity of the walnut in the third generation received from the Truskavets botanic garden. This article contains the results of an economic and biological assessment of variety of Astakhovsky walnut. Special attention is paid to winter hardness of a plant and quality of fruits. It is shown that the winter hardness of a tree is good. After winter of 2006 with the minimum temperature-29º the freezing of trees has made 1,5-2 points, and trees were restored well. It is noted that trees don't slow the growth and in autumn before frosts they throw down the leaves. It promotes the good preparation of trees for winter and their rewintering. The Astakhovsky variety is more winter-hardy, than the well known variety of Ideal, and also surpasses him in the size of fruits. The trees begin to fructify since 5-6 years. Fructification is annual. Productivity from 7 to 10 years - 10-20 kg from a tree, at mature age - to 0,30 t/ha. The average mass of a walnut is 23,4 g, maximal mass is 27,1 g. Tasting assessment is 5 points. The walnut breeds by an inoculation and seeds, it is steady against diseases and vermins. The conclusion is made that Astakhovsky variety corresponds to climatic conditions of the Bryansk Region. High winter hardiness, resistance to diseases and vermins, productivity with high quality of fruits allow you to recommend this walnut variety for cultivation under the conditions of a midland of Russia.
The tendency to the revival of indigenous varieties is observed, last time. The article presents the results of the study of 8 native Daghestan grapes varieties. The following features were studied: agrobiological characteristics, yield and productivity, condition of crop and tasting evaluation. The research was carried out in 2010-2014 at the ampelographic collection of Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution All-Russian Research Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking named after Ya.I. Potapenko (Novocherkassk, Russia). The object of study is the grapes varieties: Agadai, Ag Isum, Gulyabi Daghestanskiy, Gok Ala, Gok Isum, Makhborcibil, Mola Husseincibil, Yay Isum Beliy. The aim of the research was to select the valuable genotypes of Daghestan autochthonous varieties with improved adaptive and economic properties in the Lower Don Area. The study was carried out using the modern and classical techniques. The research alow you to select the following high yield varieties: Mall Husseincibil, Gulabi Daghestanskiy, Makhborcibil, Asil Kara. The mass concentration of sugars and organic acids in the juice of berries are the main indicators of the grapes berry quality during period of their ripening. Makhbarcivil and Asyl Kara varieties had the highest sugar content. The highest tasting scores were given to the varieties of Agaday and Mola Husseincibil. Analysis of carried out research has shown that the varieties of Molla Husseincibil, Asil Kara, Gulabi Daghestan and Makhborcibil have the complex of highest economically valuable traits. We continue the study of the indigenous Daghestan grapes varieties in the collection of the Lower Pre Don area.
Now it is necessary to increase significantly the volumes of production of high-quality production of grapes in the Russian Federation, and for this purpose it is necessary to expand the areas under vineyards. The necessary potential for this purpose the country has - it is possible 100 thousand hectares of grapes plantings to increase to 300-400 thousand hectares. Within the program of development of agriculture existing till 2020th year expansion of the areas of vineyards to 140 thousand hectares is provided. The solution of this task requires the deeper study of new Don technical grapes varieties for this introduction in the production. In this regard the identification of promising white grapes varieties breeding of the All-Russian Research Institute of Vine growing and Winemaking named after Ya.I. Potapenko and scientific ground of their practical application has became a purpose of our research. Agric-biological and technical characteristics on the promising grapes varieties which are of special value for production use on Don are given in this article. During the carried out research it is established that at high productivity the studied of grapes varieties have the high quality of a harvest and they are more steadier against fungal diseases, and it speaks about the high profitability of their cultivation and about prospect of these varieties for production at the present stage of economic development. The results of supervision allow you to recommend the new white technical grapes varieties of Institute breeding for wide production testing in the Don Region. It will give you the chance to increase in assortment of white technical grapes varieties, including muscat varieties, for production of high-quality white table wines.