Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
When analyzing the state of the viticulture industry in Russia, there is a lack of seedless grape varieties in the assortment that have valuable biological and economic characteristics and a short growing season, resistance to frost and phylloxera. Due to the advantage of seedless grapes both for fresh consumption and for the production of dried products, processing them into jams and other products, the demand for kishmish varieties is growing and seedless varieties are regularly selected. The degree of various varieties seedlessness can be different: from the almost full absence of rudiments in the berry to a sufficiently noted size of rudiments. At the same time, the degree of development of seed rudiments in the same variety may vary in dependence on the conditions of the growth place and the year conditions. We analyzed the harvest of 33 seedless grape varieties in the Ampelographic collection (Anapa) according to the evaluation of their seedless under the agro-ecological conditions of the Black Sea area of viticulture under the climatic conditions, 2019. The lack of recoverable rudiments of seeds was identified in the berries of cultivars the Kishmish Bely Ovalny, Detskiy, Kishmish Tarakli, Kishmish Rosovy, Kishmish Sogdiana, Kishmish Krugly, Remali Seedless. The maximum berry`s weight among this group was found in the variety of Kishmish Sogdiana. The largest rudiments were found in the berries of the Rusbal variety. Among all analyzed grape varieties, the rudiment of the berry`s mass of which has been measured, it is possible to select the Kishmish Luchisty: this variety has the highest average weight of berries (5.05 g) and the rudiments share of the berry`s mass is 1 %.
The article analyzes the problem of poor knowledge of Kuban wild forms of grapes and their economically valuable traits, which is very promising for the breeding of this crop in the Krasnodar Territory. In connection with this, the research is needed to determine the origin of wild grapes using genetic methods, as well as to study the morphology and the variability of their vegetative and generative spheres in comparison with cultural forms and the select the donors of resistance to biotic and abiotic environmental factors of wild grape forms. The objects of study are wild forms of species of the genus Vitis L. of the family Vitaceae Juss. It is noted that recently the biodiversity of the family Vitaceae Juss. Increases visibly, and the new data on the expanding gene pool of cultural and wild Vitis vinifera L. are appeared. At the same time, the new methods appears of polymorphism analyzing of such diversity, but the question of cultivated grapes origin remains vague. Researching the problem of the grapes origin have been conducted for a long time, a large number of works have been performed in the world on this topic, but there is no single concept of the grapes origin. The existence of various theoretically and practically justified centers of origin of the plant forms suggests that it is possible to preserve endemic relict plant forms in these centers at present. From the point of view of studying the biological diversity of grapevines, the territory of the Northern Caucasus and the Black Sea Region (Northern regions) is the most promising. Of the influence of wild grapes on the local assortment may indicate the existence of a number of aboriginal varieties, clearly carrying the features of close resemblance to wild grapes.
The wild forms of grapes in the forests of the State nature reserve Utrish are found for first time and studied. Several habitats of wild grapes, presumably belonging to the species of Vitis vinifera ssp, silvestris Gmel. or its varieties - var. tipica Negr. typical wild forest grapes have been studied. A detailed description of the phytocenoses in which the studied forms of plants grow is carried out. Ecological and geographical characteristics of their habitats are given. The samples were taken for further genetic analysis. It is noted in the article that many research have been carried out on the study of wild plants and indigenous grape varieties in the Crimea, Daghestan, along the banks of the Don and others, but there is still no scientific data on the origin and presence of Kuban wild and indigenous forms of grapes. As for the territory of the Utrish reserve, as a unique place of ancient settlements, such studies will be conducted for the first time. Recently, the biodiversity of the Vitaceae Juss family markedly increases, at the same time there are new data on the expanding gene pool of cultural and wild grapes Vitis vinifera L. At the same time, there are new methods of polymorphism analysis of such diversity, but the problem of cultivated grapes origin remains unresolved. This article presents only the first scientific data on the ecological conditions of growth and morphological and biological features of the founded wild forms of grapes in the territory of the Utrish State reserve. It is important to note that this study is only the beginning of research work on the study of the origin of the Kuban wild grapes and identification among them of the sources, and in the future donors of resistance to various biotic and abiotic environmental factors. The ultimate goal of this study is to include the selected sustainable wild forms in the breeding process and replenishment of the grapes gene pool.
The article presents the results of evaluating the nutrient artificial media for cultivation suitability of cherry ordinary embryos for three varieties Lyubskaya, Turgenevka, Igrushka, included in the assortment of the South of Russia (selected promising varieties of the collection of the Krymsk EBS, VIR Branch). They have a number of positive qualities: late fruiting, high fruit quality, potential productivity and transportability. In the work, the modifications of the cultural media of White, Knop, Anderson, Lee and de Fossard, Prunus, Murasige and Skoog were used. The compositions of seven artificial agarized nutrient media used by us in the embryos cultivation of three varieties of cherry ordinary are given in the text of the article. The embryos were introduced into the culture without plants entering in the dormant phase. In the course of the study, the growth and development of the embryos of these cherry varieties in vitro was observed. An assessment is made of the influence of the nutrient medium composition the cultivated embryos of cherry ordinary varieties. The average long-term (2015-2018) data of normally developed, not germinated (with the growth of cotyledons and callus), albinos and embryos infected with an internal infection embryos, depending on the variety. Since in breeding practice it is important to obtain more viable posterity, when evaluating the nutrient media, the attention was paid to sprouted, normally developed seedlings. As a result of the experiments, the nutrient medium of Murashige and Skoog was isolated, modified in two versions M2 and M4 for cultivating the cherry germ of Lyubskaya, and M2 and Pr1 for Turgenevka. For in vitro cultivation of Igrushka embryos, it is recommended to use an artificial agarized nutrient medium Knopa.
Under the conditions of the Krasnodar Territory, metabolic changes in apple varieties that differ in scab and drought resistance have been identified. Using physiological and biochemical methods with capillary electrophoresis the features of the apple tree`s leaves are studied in the summer growing season. According to the seasonal dynamics of some metabolites (malonic dialdehyde, chlorogenic acid, calcium ions), a comparative assessment of the response of apple varieties with different resistance to scab under influence of summer stressors was conducted. It was revealed that the smallest quantitative indicators of malon dialdehyde content under stressful conditions of August were observed in apple varieties, immune to scab, like Fortune, Soyuz and non-scab immune Rodnichok variety and were 0.123-0.192 mol / g dry weight of the substance and it is indicating of their resistance to oxidative stress. During the summer period, the highest content of chlorogenic acid were observed in scab-immune apple varieties. In the period of the greatest impact of stress factors, in August, its content significantly increased in the varieties not immune to scab (1.14-1.55 times), that is plants indicating the induction of protective reactions against the scab pathogen. According to the physiological and biochemical indexes the apple variety Fortuna and the Union was identified as varieties with high resistance to drought and scab pathogen in the South of Russia. Metabolic assessment of apple varieties according to physiological nd biochemical characteristics is a reliable criterion of plant resistance to summer stressors, and can be used as indirect diagnostics methods for adaptability of fruit crops varieties.