Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The effects of climate change and their impact on agriculture, including viticulture, have became an actual problem. Typical for Russian viticulture are low-temperature stresses in a winter, excessively high temperatures and an acute deficit of precipitation in summer. The studies were carried out on the Anapa (Anapa) and the Don (Novocherkassk) ampelographic collections, 350 km apart. In the Anapa region, a change in air temperature is accompanied by a change in the beginning of the grape vegetation phases at a later date. In the varieties of the Western European ecological-geographical group, there was a reduction in the period from bud break up to the beginning of flowering: in technical varieties for 9 days, and in the table varieties for 2 days. The period from the beginning of flowering to the beginning of ripening of berries was shorten for 3 days for technical varieties and for 6 days for table ones. A similar trend is for technical varieties of the eastern eco-geographical group. A tendency to reduce the period from bud break to the beginning of grape ripening for a period of 5 to 26 days has been found for varieties of Western European and Eastern groups as well as for group of the Black Sea coast. In the Don area, the beginning of bud blooming has not changed in only 2 varieties (Muscadel, Plavai), in other varieties it occurs 1-4 days earlier. The beginning of flowering did not change for Galan variety, but for Aligote variety it became 2 days later, in all other studied varieties this process began earlier up to 7 days. The duration of the period from the beginning of bud blooming to flowering in 3 varieties did not change, in 6 varieties increased in 1-3 days, for the other 14 varieties decreased in 1-5 days.
There are 4911 varieties of table and technical grapes are in the ampelographic collection of the Anapa Zonal Experimental Station now. This collection is replenished annually due to introductions, breeding of hybrids, searching for wild forms. The dominant part of the collection's gene pool belongs to the species Vitis vinifera L., about 2 % comes from Vitis labrusca L., the single varieties belong to some other types of grapes. As a result of the varietal composition analysis of table grapes according to the timing of maturation, a relatively identical quantitative selection of varieties annually are established. It allows you to create an economically viable conveyor of production and sale of table grapes, taking into account the specifics of the resort area of the Black Sea coast. Of particular value are varieties of early and super early ripening, which provide the highest profitability of table viticulture, but it is not enough in the assortment of early ripening varieties, and this problem is very important for the resort Southern areas. There is a great need for stable table grape varieties with large, elegant bunches and berries with unusual shape and beautiful color of the berries, characterized by high taste qualities. According to these parameters, the highest selling price of grapes is formed. Analysis of the composition of technical grape varieties revealed their quantitative varietal ratio in the processing of grape products. This makes it possible to evenly load the capacity of the plants for the production of wine. It is shown in the article that favorable weather conditions contributed to the full flowering pollination of grapevines. Therefore, the bunches were aligned and full at the main quantity of varieties. In this regard, the share of technical varieties with a harvest of up to 90 quintals per hectare decreased by 30 % compared to 2015. And the share of varieties with a yield of more than 150 centners per hectare increased.
The aim of this work is to assess the potential fruitfulness, determine the maximum zone of the values of the coefficient of fruiting, to carried out a regression analysis of the dependence of the inflorescences buds on the placement of buds along the length of the vine of indigenous and local grapes in the Black Sea region of Crimea to further determine the bush`s load and the pruning length of fruit vines. The study were carried out according to generally accepted methods and methodological developments in viticulture. In the Mountain-Valley Seaside Region of the Black Sea agroecological zone of the South Coast Crimea, the zone of maximum values of the coefficient of fruiting of grape plants is defined from 7 to 10 buds along the length of the shoot. The studied grape varieties of Kokur White and Sary Pandas, according to the results of the study, of very high values of the fruiting coefficient, respectively 1.67 and 1.74; Kefesia variety of low coefficient (0.5); Ekim Kara high ones (0.96), Asma table medium ones (0.82). A close correlation was established between the embryonic fruitful-ness of the central buds and the ordinal number of the ocelli along the length of the grape vine. Based on a summary of research results, the regulation of the pruning length of fruit vines has been optimized, which will ensure an increase in the production of grape products. The most productive zone along the length of fruit vines was selected as a potential for future yield. It is indicated that technological solutions should be made to quality: regionalization of varieties taking into account the selection of soil and climatic growing conditions, agricultural technology of the varieties, starting with the determination of potential fruitfulness, aimed at the potential stability of grape varieties taking into account the specialization of the use of raw materials.
The problem of collecting and preservation raspberry types and varieties acquires a special relevance in connection with reduction of a genetic variety. The genbancks biodiversity remains generally in the field collections, in vitro conditions and in the cryocollections. The adaptation problem the culture tube of plants is of interest at their transfer to natural conditions. The collection of VIR (St. Petersburg) in vitro are presented by 114 specimens of raspberry from which in a basic collection of branch of the Maykop experimental station of VIR the implanted microplants of 14 raspberry varie-ties were transferred to study their viability in the field conditions and also to estimate them on a complex eco-nomic-valuable signs, resistance to abiotic and biotic stress factors, peculiar to a foothill zone of the Republic of Adyghea. All collection specimens are studied on a complex of indexes: the condition of plants after the rewintering, observing for development phases, productivity and quality of berries, drought- and heat tolerance, resistance to fungi pathogens. Standard techniques of specimens assessment are used. After transfer of specimens in natural conditions of all culture tube plants showed good survival. To fall the length of shoots of Babie Leto, Zhuravlik, Mandarin, Meteor, Rubinovaya, Solnishko, Sputnitsa varieties were more than 75 cm. The general condition of plants was estimated on 4-5 points. Test tube plants of raspberry replaced in natural conditions quite easily adapt, well grow and develop. It allows to study their morfo-biological characteristics, to reveal the valuable signs, and to estimate the degree of specimen`s adaptability to abiotic and biotic stress factors of the Southern zone of Russia.
Agroclimatic conditions have a great influence the efficiency of agricultural crops growing, the yield quality and quantity and the general phytosanitary condition of biocenoses. The Crimean peninsula has the favorable natural conditions for the cultivation of industrial grapes. However, at present, the potential of agroclimatic resources are used, not in full when placing the industrial plantations. Temporal trends in the change of the agro-ecological data have been analyzed in the artocle. Analysis revealed the tendency to enough rapid increase in such indicators as the average annual air temperature and the sum of active temperatures above 10 º. It was established that the annual precipitation on the territory of the Crimean peninsula also demonstrated an upward tendency, however, at a rather low rate; while the frost-threat level expressed as the value of the mean absolute minimum of the air temperature didnt have a clear upward or downward tendency. A cartographic model was developed to allow a long-term forecasting of the spatial distribution of the agro-ecologic resources on the territory of the Crimean peninsula including the data for 2035 and 2050. Based on the data obtained, the climate of the Crimean peninsula has a tendency to warming. At the same time, pre-requisites are being formed to expand the areas suitable for cultivation of late and medium-late ripening grape varieties that require the higher heat provision of the cultivation area. However, it is not possible to speak About expanding the zone boundaries for open-earth cultivation of the grapevine culture, as winter minimums of air temperatures do not demonstrate an upward tendency. It is imperative to keep the obtained data in mind when new vineyards are being established, as, due to temporal ecotope boundary changes, a vineyard planted in the optimal agro-ecologic conditions can over time turn to be on the territory of an ecotope that does not meet the requirements of a particular grape variety.