Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Syringa is a genus of about 27 wild species of flowering woody plants of the Oleaceae family. Syringa vulgaris L. is known with a wide variety of decorative varieties and hybrids suitable for use in urban and rural landscapes. In the botanical gardens and nurseries, the lilac is propagated with green cuttings or grafts, but all of its varieties do not reproduce well by these ways. There are difficulties in propagating the most decorative varieties. The production of a large number of varietal plants is limited by the season, the process of grafting, cutting and getting shoots is labor-intensive, and requires the presence of uterine plantations. Therefore, there is a need for development ways to propagate lilac that would be universal for all varieties and would create a cost-effective technology of fast reproduction of planting material. In vitro methods have opened up the new areas of research that can overcome the problems of traditional methods and ensure the rapid plants propagation on an industrial scale. Lilac plants obtained by microclonal propagation have several advantages over drafted ones. They are more lasting, decorative, quickly develop and bloom, and form the ideal habitus of the bush. In vitro plants have the juvenility signs, which allow them to be successfully propagated by other vegetative methods, especially by green cuttings. Objects of research are lilac varieties: Geisenkalis, Primrose, Marie Frances, Krasavitsa Moskva, Sensatsiya. The article presents the results of influence of the selection date (04/22/19 and 05/15/19) the contamination nation and the survival rate of five lilac varieties explants. The analysis have been shown that the contamination of the microshoots selected on April 22, 2019 was significantly less than that for the microshoots selected on May 15, 2019 and amounted to 37.4 and 67,2 %, respectively. The survival rate of explants was 57,7 % and 19,2 %.
The problem of insufficient knowledge of fruit crops apian-pollinators, in particular of solitary bees, is being analyzed in the article. Species of apian-pollinators have been defined including 52 species belonging to 6 families. Among the apians, which were registered on fruit crops, the most numerous in all agroclimatic zones were 10 (19,2 %) species: Andrena flavipes, A. haemorrhoa, A. nana, A. tibialis, A. nitidiuscula, A. suerinensis, Osmia rufa, Eucera curvitarsis, Bombus agrorum and Apis mellifera, which are the main pollinators. 4 species of fruit crops pollinators were the dominantones in the central zone of Krasnodar Region (Andrena flavipes, Osmia rufa, Bombus agrorum, Apis mellifera 57,1 %), the group of mass pollinators was represented by 3 species (Andrena haemorrhoa, A. nana, A. nitidiuscula 28,6 %). 4 species were belonged to the dominant group in the Western delta zone (Andrena flavipes, Osmia rufa, Bombus agrorum, Apis mellifera 52,2 %), 5 species of pollinators were the most common (Andrena haemorrhoa, A. nana, A. tibialis, A. suerinensis, Eucera curvitarsis 43,5 %). 3 species of pollinators dominated (Osmia rufa, Bombus agrorum, Apis mellifera 42,9 %), 5 species were the most common Andrena flavipes, A. tibialis, A. nitidiuscula, A. suerinensis, Eucera curvitarsis 47,6 %) in the Southern foothill zone. Amount of solitary and honey bees far exceeds the quantity of insects from other orders. For 3 years of studies the average registered of solitary bees was 35,5 on marked brunch, as well as honey bee 32,4 and only 5,6 insects of other orders on pollination of anapple tree. Respectively on pollination of a cherry tree the amount was 53, 41,4 and 5,6 individuals. There were no difference of years of studing and the days of flowering and the quantity of pollinators of apple and cherry trees. The difference between groups of pollinators is significant (32,6 % for apple and 87,2 % for cherries). The quantity of apian-pollinators in the garden varies according to the day of flowering, it also depends on series of abiotic factors temperature, humidity, time of a day, velocity and wind direction.
The article presents an overview of the current state and the degree of implementation of digital technologies in the food production from vegetable raw materials, allowing to provide a product of a given chemical composition required man under the unfavorable environmental conditions. The computerization of the technological process initiated the creation of industrial robots that make easy a manual human labor and ensure the effectiveness of the management of food personification. The adaptation of robots for processing industries is based on the creation of a mathematical algorithm for performing the required technological operation. The article presents the scientific areas in which the digitalization of the technological process gave a powerful impetus to the breakthrough, first of all, it is additive technologies and, above all, 3D printing of food. The methods and ways of food printing from the point of view of the possibility of individualization of the diet for certain groups of the population. The technological criterions for the suitability of plant row materials in the application of digital technologies in the food production are revealed. It is noted that for the printing of the product is suitable the raw material of soft, easily deformable texture, passing in varying degrees of hardening, steadily preserving the shape of the product. The biologically valuable plant raw material rich in natural polymer hydrocolloids, providing homogenization of raw materials to greasing consistency is effective. From fruit and berry raw materials are technologically suitable for 3-D product the fruits and berries, characterized by a high content of natural dietary fibers, which include hemicellulose, gums and pectin substances. It is noted that the informatization of food technology has helped to link the process of creating a product with mathematical methods of identification and prediction of food quality. The solutions for the informatization of product formulations are presented, based on the use of databases of long-term studies of the chemical composition of fruits and berries associated in the system of balance equations, that allow to individual correct the composition of food.
Improving the adequacy of forecasts in solving agro-technological problems is carried out through the use of information technology. The empirical information about the object of study is formed by creating the simulation models using computers. In the process of solving the agrotechnological problems, it allows us to analyze the complex systems under the conditions of high dimensionality and incomplete information of their structure. Structured simulation systems include the files with an analytical description of the object, the blocks of expert assessments, simulation and processing of a calculation experiment results (of field experiment). The model relevance increases with the use of the network version of the datas set organized according to certain rules. The assessment of agrochemical factors of garden soil fertility on the effectiveness of soil resources using by perennial fruit plants, the dynamics of mineral elements and metabolites in the leaves is based on the methodology for collecting and analyzing the information using a database obtained in field experiments with fertilizer over the past decade. We have implemented the task of forming the database structure in accordance with the program for studying the effectiveness of fertilizer in the orchard. For storage and analytical processing using the microsoft office excel program, the results of observations, laboratory studies of soil and plants, and also weather data are formalized. The conceptual model of the database is presented, which consists of five blocks: the history of the experiment, the archive of meteorological data, the data of biological indexes and observations, the data of chemical soil analyzes, and the chemical composition of indicating organs (leaves) and fruits. A database structured by this way allows you to optimize the mathematical processing of digital material, as well as quantify the effect of fertilizers the productivity and functional activity of fruit crops, exercise the mathematical modeling, the dispersion and correlation and regression analysis.
The article presents the results of the influence of gibberellin seedless varieties of table grapes of AZOS breeding Lotus (early ripening); Zhemchug Anapa and Kishmish Rozovy AZOS (medium ripeining). Brief information is given how gibberellins are intensively used in viticulture, which affect the growth, development and productivity of plants, as well as the quality of seedless grape varieties. Data of phenological observations, the dynamics of generative organs growth on the phases of growth and development, the daily growth of a grape plant at different periods of development, taking into account the dose of gibberellin and the multiplicity of treatments. The effect of gibberellin on the appearance of bunches was established, the pattern according to the experimental variants was noted to increase in the color intensity with increasing the dose of gibberellin for the varieties of Lotus and Kishmish Rozovy AZOS. The same can be said about the berries shape of these varieties, with an increase in the dose of the drug, the berries were oblong. A direct effect of treatments on the sparseness of future bunches was revealed, this was especially manifested in the Lotus variety. The study tested 8 options of gibberellin using and 3 multiplicity treatments. The optimal concentration of the preparation and the multiplicity of treatments, using the method of dipping, for seedless table grape varieties breeding of AZOS are: for Lotus GK 1 ml / l of water three times (first treatment with GK 0.25 ml), Kishmish Rozovy AZOS GK 1 ml per liter of water twice, Zhemchug Anapa GK 0.25 ml / l of water three times, which increases in the potential yield of bushes to 16.2-46 %.