Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The implementation of waste-free technologies in the food industry is feasible with the use of biotechnological techniques and implies the use of enzymes, such as Celloveridin G20X, which increases the juice extraction and produces fruit and berry puree with a high content of biologically active substances in a highly digestible form for the human organism. It is noted that the treatment of berry pomace with an enzyme preparation, in addition to the fluxing action, affects its antioxidant potential. The increase in the content of such physiologically active ingredients as organic acids (citric, L-malic, benzoic, chlorogenic, salicylic, caffeic, gallic), vitamin C, P, soluble pectin and polyphenolic substances has been proven. From grape pomace processed with the use of biotechnological processes, berry puree was obtained, which is used in the developed recipe composition of a functional food product sterilized fruit jam Plum-grape. The use of grape pomace, high in anthocyanins, in combination with puree of plum fruits vitamin C, vitamin P, polyphenols, allows to increase the functional and preventive properties of canned food due to the synergism of elements in the co-formulation. The total content of natural antioxidants of the final product is 609,5 mg/100g. Plum-grape jam contains a daily norm of vitamin P, polyphenols and amino acids, as well as 100 g of the product meets the daily requirement for pectin substances by 30%, due to the use of secondary raw materials of grape processing. The organoleptic evaluation of the final product showed a higher score compared to the control. The energy value of the Plum-grape jam is 54.5 kcal per 100 g of the product. The organoleptic assessment of the new functional product showed a high score 4.9 in comparison with control.
The article presents the results of a comprehensive assessment of 25 varieties of climbing roses (LCl-15 varieties, S-6, ClB-1, Ayr-1, HKor-2) under the climatic conditions of the central subzone of Krasnodar Territory. The assessment of the ornamental value of varieties was carried out according to 100 point system (methodology of State variety testing), which includes 10 characteristics: color, size, flower shape, doubleness, aroma, flower resistance, decorative bush, originality, abundance of flowering, and uniformity of the variety. When assessing the decorative merits, the highest scores were given to varieties: City of York (85), Adjimushkay (87). Devichji Grezy (87), Angela (90), Pierre de Ronsard (94), St. Swithun (92). Economic and biological properties of rose varieties under study were assessed using a 50 point system according to 6 characteristics: remontability, drought resistance, winter hardiness, disease resistance, self-cleaning, and the growth rate of the bush. As the results of the research carried out, the best rose varieties were identified on their economic and biological properties (rate above 35 points): Angela (44), City of York (38), Laguna (38), New Dawn (43), St.Swithun (44). Based on the results of a comprehensive assessment (100 points + 50 points) the rose varieties were identified that received 120 points and above, which are considered promising for mass propagation and use in vertical gardening. The greatest stability in the manifestation of ornamental and economically valuable traits was shown by the varieties: City of York, Devichji Grezy, New Dawn, St. Swithun, Pierre de Ronsard, Adjimushkaj. The rose varieties that scored 100-119 points are considered as additional to the main list (Albertine, Duc de Constantine, Ducat, Ihtiandr, Maritim, etc.). When they are growing, the higher agricultural techniques for full decorative effect are needed. The rose varieties with a score of less than 100 points are recommended to be considered unpromising f or gardening (Ilse Krohn Superior).
The article presents the results of the analysis of long-term studies of the dynamics of the main climatic indexes over the past 35 years in the conditions of the foothill fruit zone of horticulture of the KabardinoBalkar Republic. Research data confirm that the climate of the region undergoes certain changes under the influence of global climate processes. It is established that changes in the local climate coincide with the nature and direction of general planetary problems. It is shown that changes in weather and climatic conditions over the past decades have led to the loss of many varieties their economic and biological value, which makes it necessary to carefully and comprehensively study the reaction of varieties to changing environmental conditions. The increase in the average annual temperature over the last decade by more than 1.5 ºC, and in the winter-spring period by almost 3 ºC is a sharp and significant increase. All this leads to an increase in the frequency and harmfulness of abiotic and biotic stresses in trees. Temperature drops in the autumn period have become more frequent, winters have become mild with prolonged thaws and returning cold, frosts have become stronger and more frequent, prolonged droughts, incessant heavy rainfalls, hailstorms or a combination of similar phenomena. The absence of adaptive varieties in the apple and pear assortment, which have a complex of economically valuable characteristics and properties, leads to a reduction in production yields, loss of quality of fruit products. In this regard, it is of paramount importance to study in detail the impact of global warming on the regional climate and its consequences for fruit crops. This studies are intended to assist dedicated experts in making forecasts about the future susceptibility of agriculture to climate change.
Of greater importance in winemaking is grape varieties, which in different natural conditions differ in the pattern of the exchange of carbohydrates and nitrogenous substances, in the transformation of phenolic compounds, in acid-forming ability and other indicators. The quantitative and qualitative ratio of the main chemical components of grapes determines the suitability of the variety for a particular type of wine. For heady wines, varieties with good sugar accumulation are used, because the higher sugar content, the better the quality of the wine. The main task of the first stage of Port wine technology is to prepare a heavy-bodied sweet wine material. A significant role, both in the formation of the type of wine and its quality, is assigned to phenolic substances, which are involved in the formation of the taste of wine fullness, astringency, velvetiness. One of the most important technological operations in the preparation of base wine materials for wines such as Port wine is the fortification of fermenting wort or blend, which ensures its stability against fermentation and microbial turbidity, and also significantly affects the taste of wine. Features of the physical and chemical composition of the original wine material have a predominant effect on the formation of organoleptic properties of wines of the port type. The aim of this work is to study the features of the biochemical composition of fortified wine materials from white hybrid grape varieties for the preparation of wines of the port type. The article presents the results of a comparative analysis of grape must and fortified wine materials prepared from white grape varieties of interspecific origin: Kristall, Platovskiy and Stanichnyi. The results of the experiment showed that the most appropriate grape variety for the preparation of fortified wine materials was the Platovskiy variety. The experimental sample of the wine material obtained from this variety was characterized by the highest content of nitrogenous, phenolic and extractive substances. Quite high concentrations of these components were found in the variant prepared from the Stanichnyi grape variety. The wine material prepared from the Kristall variety was characterized by a high concentration of tartaric acid.
The studies were carried out in accordance with the generally accepted and developed at the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution NCFSCHVW programs and methods of breeding and variety study. The objects of research are apple varieties and forms (Malus x domestica Borkh.) of different ploidy and genetic origin. According to the data of long-term studies (2015-2021) cytological analysis of 54 apple genotypes of various ploidy and genetic origin was found that diploids have the highest rates of pollen viability (X av. = 70 %; X max = 98 %; X min = 32 %), low indicators of pollen quality in triploids (X av. = 28 %; X max = 16 %; X min = 8 %), and tetraploid initial forms fall in between. According to the obtained pollen quality assessment data, the best indicators were found in apple varieties: Vasilisa, Zolotoe Letnee, Carmen, Piros, Rassvet, Talida, Talisman, Ariva, Liberty, Sirius, Orfey, Fuji, Topaz, Granatovoe, Fortuna, Prestig, Renet Simirenko, Eliza, Kameo, 29-5-49, 12 / 2-20-34 and others; krebs: Imperial Pavla, Ketney, Piotosh, Gertruda, John Downie and others (55-98 %). The most promising varieties have been identified (taking into account the timing and duration of the flowering period, the degree of pollen viability): Gertruda, John Downie, Ketney, Lubimoe Dutovoi, Zheltozelene, Nikita, Imperial Pavla, Victoria, Risling Krasnyy, Virginia, Feya, Floorking, etc. as pollinators for varieties most common in industrial horticulture, as well as valuable paternal forms when hybridizing in various breeding programs.