Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The paper presents the research results of the leafhopper (Metcalfa Pruinosa) aggregation and dispersal in the agricultural landscape of the Krasnodar Territory vineyards. The research was carried out in 2015 2019 in the main viticulture zones of the Krasnodar Territory in industrial vineyards of various grape species. The route counting method and generally accepted ecological and entomological methods were used. As a result, M. Pruinosa was found besides the grapevine with even density to inhabit many other plants: three-prickly gleditsia (Gleditsia triacanthos L.), common hawthorn (Crataegus laevigata Poir.), May rosehip (Rosa majalis Herrm.), Prickly plum (blackthorn, or Prunus spinosa L.), bush blackberry (Rubus fruticosus L.), wild apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.), plum (Prunus domestica L.), cherry plum (Prunus cerasifera Ehrh.), Beautiful catalpa (Catalpa speciosa Warder ex Engelm.), flowering maple/ Chinese bellflower (Abutilon theophrasti Medik.). The waxy leafhoppers (M Pruinosas) extensive colonization of forest belts in the agricultural landscape, its population growth, and the pests number dynamics in the vineyards of the Krasnodar Territory are shown; the enlisted factors influence is analysed. The phytophages number is higher in the zone proximity to the hearth of pest aggregation, and gradually decreases when moving deeper into the vineyard. The harmfulness assessment of wine and table grape species was carried out. A tendency to reduce the shoots productivity of wine grape species reaches an economically insignificant level of 4.1-4.7%. M. ruinosa's aggregation on bunches of table varieties leads to a decrease in marketability by 14.2-18.1 %, which proves economically significant damage. To overcome the situation, it is necessary to develop control measures for wax leafhoppers in the vineyards of table grape species. When controlling the pest in ampelocenoses, it is necessary to monitor its foci in forest belts.
In modern environmental conditions of ampelocenoses, the areal habitats on grapes of hidden sucking pests, such as the grape felt mite (Colomerus vitis Pgst.) and phylloxera (leaf or gall form) (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (gallicolae) Fitch.) are expanding. The purpose of the research is to assess the vineyards colonization in the Western Ciscaucasia with these phytophages and, thus, estimate their harmfulness. The research was carried out in 2014-2020 in industrial vineyards, according to commonly accepted methods. The results obtained showed the tendency to expand for the studied pests hostal-topical trophic specialisation and, consequently, the increased pests economical harmfulness. The studies proved economically damaging harmfulness from leaf phylloxera and grape felt mite in the region, revealed a considerable decrease in the grape shoots productivity and lower concentration of sugars in the bunch overall causing serious economic damage. European grape species of V. vinifera belonging to the Western European group (convar. occidentalis Negr. subconvar. gallica Nem. Rhine Riesling, Sauvignon Blanc, Caberhnet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, Pinot Blanc, Muller Thurgau) suffer from the most felt mite population. The Euro-American hybrids: Moldova, Bianca, Pervenets Magaracha recently were noticed as hosting the felt mite population, which indicates the expansion of the phytophages gostal food specialization. Additionally, for the first time in the Western Ciscaucasia, the felt mite topical specialization appeared in the form of inflorescences and young clusters damages. Complex interspecific Euro-American hybrids most populated by leaf phylloxera in the Western Ciscaucasia conditions are Bianca, Augustine, Moldova, Doina. A complex Euro-American-Amur hybrid is Bruskam, as well as rootstock varieties of American origin are Kober 5 BB and Kober CO4. An expansion of the gostal food specialization as well as the leafy phylloxera colonization of the atypical varieties of V. vinifera belonging to the Western European group was observed, especially, light-colored, medium-ripening varieties (Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, Rhine Riesling, Aligote, Pinot Blanc, Muller Thurgau). The joint colonization of the grape leaves of different genotype varieties by the grape felt mite and the leaf form of phylloxera was noted. For both pests, a significant decrease in the shoots productivity and mass concentration of sugars was found with a high degree of damage on the varieties/species.
The assessment of the diversity of fungal communities and the study of the bioindicational significance of mycological indicators is relevant for the biomonitoring of ampelocenoses. This article shows the results of studying the quantitative and qualitative composition of communities of saprotrophic micromycetes associated with annual shoots of wild and cultivated grape plants. The study was conducted in 2020 in various districts of the Krasnodar Territory (Western Ciscaucasia). The objects of the study were wild grape plants from the natural conditions of the forest ecotopes of the state reserve "Utrish "(Anapa district) and Krymsky district, as well as cultivated grape plants of 4 varieties of grapes of different genotypes, cultivated in the plantings of JSC agrofirm Yuzhnaya (Temryuk district). Studies have shown that the number of saprotrophic micromycetes associated with the annual vine varies depending on the place of sampling and ranges from 232.9...3203.2 thousand. CFU/g of dry matter on wild grapes and in the range of 118.9...344.1 thousand. CFU / g of dry matter on cultivated grapes. The highest densities of fungal populations 1119.7 and 3203.2 CFU/g of dry matter were recorded on vines from forest ecotopes, the lowest index of 118.9 CFU / g of dry matter was recorded on vines from ampelocenosis, on wild vines the main share in the studied fungal communities was occupied by hyphal or mold fungi, on average their share was 95.1 %, while yeast occupied 4.2 %, and yeast-like fungi 0.7 % of the complex. On cultivated vines, hyphal fungi also occupied a large part in the structure of fungal communities, but their share was 1.7 times less than on wild plants. Yeast (26.5 %) and yeast-like fungi (18.4 %) accounted for a much larger share.
This article provides an analytical review of modern world literature sources aimed at the development of green schemes for protecting pears from the main pear pest, the Psylla pyri L. (Cacopsylla pyricola) (Homoptera: Psyllidae). On the basis of world experience, it has been established that in a warm climate, pear psylla can produce up to 5 generations per year. The timing of treatments with preparations against pear psylla is of great importance, since the recommended insecticides are effective only at certain stages of the pest. The preparations used in the control of the numbers of Psylla pyri L. in pear plantations in various countries of the world are presented. The effectiveness of Insegar, VDG (250 g/kg fenoxycarb), kaolin, erythritol and microbiological preparations based on Metarhizium brunneum (strain F52 containing 5.5 × 109 conidia ml-1 ) and Beauveria bassiana (titre not less than 2x109 CFU/g) against phytophage, as well as data of the application of introduced entomophages Anthocoris nemoralis (F.) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae), the release of which led to a decrease in the numbers of Cacopsylla pyricola by 31-40 % is presented. The obtained data shows that the eggs laid by females treated in September with phenoxycarb had a high percentage of sterile ones. The applications of kaolin in February and March resulted in almost 100 % reduction in the number of pear psylla eggs. Weekly treatments with 20 % erythritol solution caused 80-85 % death of Psylla pyri. Treatment with a preparation based on Metarhizium brunneum reduced the number of psylla eggs and young nymphs (first and second instars), leading to 88% mortality of the phytophage. The obtained data shows that the application of all these control methods can significantly reduce the numbers of the pest Psylla pyri in pear cenoses.
Drying of fruit and berry raw Materials is a complex process of drying up (dehydration) of the fruit mass through the mechanisms of heat-processing. Fruits and berries contain a lot of water, so it is important to understand the course of dehydration in order to obtain a quality final drying product. This article is based on a review of the results of research in recent years aimed at improving the drying technology, which would ensure maximum safety of food and taste advantages of the product, as well as high efficiency of the process. Fruits and berries are a beneficiary of biologically active substances. The results of studies on the application of different methods of drying depending on the type of fruit and berry raw materials are presented: rich citrus, kiwi, mango, fig; dense-skinned apples, plums, pumpkins, citrus peels; small berries. Ready-to-eat dried fruits should have high quality indicators, close to native. In the work are reflected the ways to optimize the drying modes that preserve the chemical and technological indicators of the product quality as much as possible, and at the same time minimizing the costs of heat and energy. It is noted that modern methods of drying are characterized by the intensification of the process of the heat- and mass exchange, which is achieved in various ways: increasing the contact surface between the dried product and the drying agent; reducing the relative humidity of the drying agent; increasing the speed of movement of the dried material and the drying agent. The use of combined drying methods is scientifically established. The process of osmotic dehydration the main stage of obtaining candied fruit is considered in detail. The results of the application of osmotic dehydration in combination with the treatment of fruit mass with electric shocks and ultrasound are presented. Attention is paid to ways to improve the functional properties of dried fruits.