Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The review of normative and legislative documentation for the organization of the wine production of protected geographical indication (PGI) and protected appellation of origin (PAO) in Russia and in the Krasnodar Region is carried out. The classification of Russion wines, including of hight category is offered. The main requirements for PGI and PAO wines are considered in accordance with the current standard GOST R 55242-2012 "Wines with protected geographical indication and wines with protected appellation of origin. General specifications". Grapes varieties of local breeding possessed are highly productive, resistant to fungal diseases, phylloxera and frost (withstand minus 25-28 ºC), fruiting stability and high organoleptic properties are offered. All varieties of grapes were created by Russian breeders in the leading scientific institutions of Russia. The objects of research were white and red wine materials, developed in the conditions of micro wine-making of FSBSF of NCFSCHVW, and table wines produced by enterprises of the Krasnodar Territory from technical grape varieties. The research was carried out in the Scientific Center "Winery" NCFSCHVW using the well-known and operating in the Russian Federation standards, as well as original techniques based on capillary electrophoresis, gas-liquid chromatography, chromato-mass spectrometry and electrochemical titration. The high quality of wines from local varieties was confirmed during the tasting of "Antitseya-2016" in the North Caucasian Regional Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture (now FSBSI NCFSCHVW). The agrotechnical characteristics Of white and red selected grape Varieties are given. Particular attention was paid to the wines obtained from the grape varieties Dostoyny and Krasnostop Anapsky with high organoleptic characteristics, which can expand the assortment of high-quality wines in the South of Russia, including PGI and PAO.
In the process of wine production, the yeast is subjected to various stresses. This is a heat treatment during typing or the need to inactivate microflora, and the effect of low temperatures on wine processing for the prevention and elimination of dimness. If the yeast in the process of functioning are exposed to undergo similar stresses and their fermenting activity decreases. Of great interest is the study of resistance to technological stresses of new yeast strains isolated from the spontaneous microflora of grapes growing in various regions of the Krasnodar Territory. The aim of the work is to evaluate the resistance of new strains of wine yeast to the action of ethanol, sulfur dioxide, high and low temperatures. New strains of yeast isolated from spontaneous microflora of grapes were used as the object of study. As the control variant the known yeast races were selected. The stability of new yeast strains to sulfur dioxide was determined by the number of dead cells in the medium under study with various mass concentrations. The results obtained showed that the most of the strains tested are resistant to the presence of sulfur dioxide in the medium with a concentra-tion up to 200 mg/ dm3. It was found that the most of the new yeast strains of retained the ferment ability even at minus 6 ºC. It is shown that the most of new yeast strains studied have shown the greatest activity in the temperature range from 20 to 37.5 ºC. The study carried out confirm the expediency of using the new strains of wine yeast in the production of white table wines. Their technological characteristics are not worse and even superior to the known yeast races, including imported ones.
The main goal of this work is to assess the adaptability and biometric parameters of the scion-rootstock combinations of Sakura under the conditions of urban environment. The greening in the modern urban landscape involves the presence of beautifully blooming trees of different heights and crown volume. According to this aim, in our study we analyzed the effect of clonal rootstocks VSL-2 (breeding of Krymsk ESS branch of WIR), 3-76, 5-44, 5-42, 3-114, 7-42 (breeding of FSBSI NCFSCHVW) at the height of the trees of popular varieties (Prunus Shirofugen serrulata, P. serrulata Kiku-shidare-sakura, P Burgundi Royal serrulata, P. serrulata Kanzan, Rexii (Kirhn). Sok) and promising forms of Sakura, including NCFSCHVW breeding under the arboretums condition of Sochi and Krasnodar. For the experiment the forms (scion, rootstock), selected for resistance to coccomicous (pathogen Blumeriella jaapii (Rehm) Arx)) in the collectional planting of NCFSCHVW were taken. The Vesenniy capris (AI1) form wasnt defeat by coccomicous, even with the artificial infection, and shows the high resistance (100%). The forms, lesioned by moniliosis (causative agent the fungus Monilia cinerea Bon.) were selected, there are Rexii (Kirhn) Sok, P. serrulata Kiku-shidare-sakura, Symphoniya nezhnosty. As a result of the study carried out, the lesion of the forms studied by the main pathogens under the conditions of humid subtropics of Sochi was estimated, the most adaptive combinations were identified, their height is determined. The influence of rootstocks and scions the growth and development of combinations of Sakura was shown. The obtained new data of the scion-rootstock combinations characteristics are necessary to develop the methods of original spatial and plastic accents that improve the urban environment and natural and climatic conditions of the South Region.
The method of formation and mainte-nance of bushes in the nursery plays a primary role in the measures to increase the efficiency of rootstock cultivation. The formation of bushes is an important agrotechnical mode, regulated the growth and development of plants and the quality of planting material. The best way of bushes formation, is the way when the greatest yield of qualitative cuttings is ensured from an unit of area at the lowest cost. The following main principles determine the theoretical basis for choosing the forms of grape bushes in the nursery of vine rootstocks: they are the construction of bushes and the biology of the varieties used should be maximally adapted to local conditions of growth, to desrease in the negative influence of abiotic stressors, to respond to varietal characteristics, and to be convenient for manual and mechanized work. The purpose of this work is the theoretical substantiation of the development of effective methods of plantations growing grape nursery that provide an increase in the yield and quality of standard cuttings under conditions of the grafted crop cultivation. This study consisted of a review of Russian and foreign literature, articles, reports and electronic sources (magazines, books and websites) on this subject, related to the formation of wine rootstock nurse-ry plantation. Despite the existence of a wide variety of forms and ways of vine bushes keeping, there are a number of deficiencies that adversely affect the quality and yield of cuttings from an unit area, and making it more difficult to control the diseases and vermins. Therefore, at present, the creation and development of new resource-saving ways of vine rootstock nursery maintaining for the production of high-quality cuttings is one of the urgent tasks in the field of grape nursery keeping.
EFFECT OF THE SOVING BETWEEN SOIL ROWS ON PRODUCTIVITY AND QUALITATIVE INDICATORS OF GRAPES AND WINE
In the conservation and improvement of soil fertility, ensuring the productivity and stability of agrolandscapes, the ecosystems of perennial grasses are of particular importance. Impact on the soil of sideration, increase in organic mass in the soil and application of fertilizers improve it, form plantations resistant to diseases and vermins. Perennial grasses of agrolandscapes are traditionally used as one of the most effective factors of soil formation, improvement and protection of soils. Such system significantly reduces the cost of soil maintaining and the cost of finished products. An integrated approach to the maintenance of a grape bush from laying to harvesting can ensure not only the obtaining of high-quality products, but also the preservation of the productivity of perennial agrocenoses throughout their cultivation period. The object of our research is the grapes of the Cabernet Sauvignon and the Chardonnay of 2012 planting. The methods of research are laboratory-analytical and field stationary. Agrobiological registrations were carried out in 6 model bushes of grapes in each variant of the experiment. As a result of the research we carried out, it has been established that soil sowing through one vineyard spacing of Lolium perenne L. (40 %) and Trifolium repens (60 %) positively influence increasing in the yield capacity and improving the quality of the grape juice of the varieties studied. The best organoleptic characteristics of the wine samples of from the Cabernet Sauvignon grapes were obtained in the variant with soil turf soving through one row spac-ing, from the Chardonnay grapes the best wine samples were obtained in the variant with black soil.