Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Now the problem of lying of strawberry's industrial plantings with the certified landing material is particularly acute. The biotechnological methods are very important for commercially revitalizing of plant material. For fast reproduction of different plants the method of clonal micro reproduction is used widely. This method became industrial for many crops, including strawberry. The main objective in the process of adaptation of micro plants to unsterile conditions is to increase in their resistance to a stress, diseases and vermins. The purpose of our research is to study the features of micro plants of Nashe Podmoscovie strawberry to unsterile conditions of environment. The research were conducted in the laboratory of Department of biotechnology and plants protection of Institute in 2015-2016. The strawberry of Nashe Podmoscovie under the optimum conditions of cultivation is highly rooting 91,8 % for the 20th days of cultivation. The greatest percent of shoots rooting (98,3 %) has been received in 28 days. The plants which have reached height of 20-40 mm and having root system from 2-4 roots not less than 10 mm long and 4-6 leaves were replaced in the middle of March in the pots with a soil substratum. The plants have adaptated in-itial under the conditions of the light room. Duration of adaptation stage of strawberry plants to unsterile conditions was 2-2,5 months and their survival was 94,7 %. On the basis of data on survival of the multiplied plants of Nashe Podmoscovie strawberry under in vitro conditions it is possible to come to conclusion that the presented strawberry's varieties are characterized by high survival as under the conditions of adaptation room, and also under the unsterile conditions of the greenhouse 94,7%-87,2%, respectively.
In the overall system of measures aimed at increasing in the yield of orchards and their annual fruiting, it is of great importance to protect the industrial plantations from vermins and diseases dominant in the region. The main meth-od of combating of fruit plants diseases is the creating of resistant varieties that allow to reduce or completely eliminate the use of fungicides in the protection systems of fruit crops orchards. In the horticulture zone of the Krasnodar Territory, almost every second summer is favorable for the development of such diseases of fruit plants as scab and spotting. During the period of our research the epiphytoty of these diseases were observed in 2015 and 2016. The purpose of the present research is to assess the susceptibility of pear va-rieties from the Collection's garden of the EPF Centralnoe (Krasnodar) to the scab, white and brown spots, to select the varieties that are resistant to these diseases and, in addition, with the high yield capacity and fruit quality. As a result of the study of the variety fund in the pomologic col-lection of the North Caucasus Regional Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture, were selected or created the pear varieties and forms, that are of interest for industrial cultivation and are used as initial forms in the further work on breeding for the resistant plants to scab. The selected varieties and forms have economically valuable characteristics and the high quality of fruits. It is noted that the use of genetically new varieties adapted to biotic and abiotic factors will allow to obtain the environmentally friendly fruit production, in particular pears, with considerable energy and labor saving when its cultivation.
Republic of North Ossetia a region of mountains with a huge variety of climate, soil and topography. Its natural potential has been used long for growing of fruit crops. But always one of the factors that affect their productiveness, was the low temperature of winter and spring period. At present in connection with climate change a new limiting factors (frequency and amplitude) manifest (in time and space). Response of fruit crops to changes in weather phenomena manifests itself in the form of imbalance of phenological phases of development, since their change the discrepancy between the rhythm of development of plants in phases with a new environment manifests. The analysis of occurrence of absolute minimum temperature in December, January, February and March in various areas of Nortn Ossetia is carried out. Ontogenetic adaptation of peach species to winter-spring temperatures in Republic North Ossetia (on the phases of growth) was studied. It was reviled that temperature conditions for the last 10 years have become more severe and march has become warmer. It was increased the probability of winter damage of generative peach buds out of profound peace, has increased, and the probability of death of future yields from spring frosts has diminished.
The article presents an analysis of the state of the nation nursery as a whole, notes the main problems and presents the possible ways to solve them. The deficit of own basic virus-free mother plantation and nurseries is one of the main reasons blocking the intensive development of horticulture in the Krasnodar Region. The transfer of nursery to the production of a healthy virus-free planting material is a priority to day. The scheme of plants healthy creating in-cludes several stages: phytosanitary and pomological monitoring, isolation of the initial plants; testing and retesting for the virus carrier; plant improvement car-ried out by a meristem manner under in vitro conditions; laying and maintenance of mother plant nursery of healthy plants; reproduction of a healthy planting material. The improving process is the most expensive stage in the planting material production scheme, which is subsidized in the developed countries by the State, and it in the end affects the cost of the seedling. In the our State we don't have such support, therefore there is an unequal competition with the foreign producers. In addition, there is no system of accreditation (certification) of nursery farms capable to produce the high-quality certified planting material in the Russia, and the planting material from small private nurseries is not of high quality. The absence of nurseries quarantine affects the phytosanitary condition of the seedlings, and an infected plant material enters in the country. Among the most dangerous diseases, it is noted the increase in the spreading of bacterial burn (Erwynia amilovora), of bacterial necrosis (or stem cancer Pseudomonas syringae), root cancers (Agrobacterium tumefaciens), plum pox (Plum pox potyvirus), strawberry anthracnose (Colletotrichum acutatum Simmonds ), etc. There is a problem of import dependence on ensure of specialized technology for nursery farming. The conclusion is: only the elimination of existing problems can bring the nursery closer to world standards.
Biotechnological methods are used widely in the world for prolonged conservation of plants collections for further their use in the breeding and production of virus-free planting material and for conservation of gene pool and biodiversity of plants. One of the methodological approaches to the deposition of the plants is the maintenance of biological objects under the conditions of slow metabolism. It is known that in a nutrient medium, for the growth and preservation of plant material in vitro, the various organic substances having a high osmotic activity are added. The researchers note that increased concentration of sucrose (4-5%) in the nutrient medium inhibited the growth of cells without causing tox-ic effects, and therefore can be used to maintain cultures in a state of rest over a long period of time. The aim of our study was to identify the effect of sucrose concentrations the growth processes of grapes mericlones for prolonged storage of plants in the collection in vitro. When cultivated in vitro, we used the sucrose concentration from 10 to 90 g/l, and evaluated the reaction of different grapes varieties to higher concentrations. In our experiment we carried out the cultivation without replanting of 12 grapes varieties for 9 months at a sucrose concentration of 70 g/l while the plants were viable. It was proved that by reducing of sucrose content in the nutrient medium from 70,0 g/l to 60.0 g/l the duration of deposit of different grapes varieties elongated to 1 year. By carried out research we have been found the deceleration of growth processes and the possibility of elongation of cultivation without replanting to create a collection of grapes in vitro.