Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
According to the complex of valuable biological characteristics it is evaluated the promising apple varieties of regional and foreign selection with MM 106 rootstock under the conditions of North Ossetia-Alania. The studies were carried out in accordance with the generally accepted and developed by the employees of the selection center of the FSBSI NCFSCHVW programs and methods of breeding and variety study. Objects of research is genotypes of apple-trees of different ploidy and genetic origin. In total, there were 31 cultivars and 1 elite apple form in the study. According to the results of long-term data of ecological variety testing, the varieties with early, middle, late and very late dates of the beginning of the growing season are identified. The apple varieties of Zolotaya Korona, Zolotoy Potok, Interprise, Lyubimoe Dutovoy, Pink Lady, Prikubanskoe, Red Chif, Champion Reno, Florina, Fuji and elite 12/2-20-35 with late flowering and mixed fruiting are selected. It was established that the varieties of Pinova, Carmen, Liberty and elite 12/2-20-35 have annual abundant flowering (4,8-5,0 points) and a higher average yield among the studied varieties up to 38,40-52, 63 t/ha under the condition of North Ossetia-Alania. According to the results of many years research, the apple genotypes promising for breeding and production were identified, there are Lyubimoe Dutovoy and the elite form 12/2-20-35 with a complex of valuable biological characteristics annual plentiful flowering, late flowering, mixed fruiting and high productivity. Ecological variety study of apple genotypes of various genetic origin under the conditions of North OssetiaAlania made it possible to select and recommend the most valuable varieties for use in breeding and production.
The article shows the complexity of the geomorphological conditions of the territory of the Republic of Daghestan, which makes it necessary to solve the issues of science-based placement of horticulture, taking into account vertical zoning. In the conditions of the South-Eastern foothill subprovinction, observations were made, and regularities of the main phenological phases of development of promising apple varieties of domestic and foreign selection were revealed. According to the results of phenological observations, the average dates of the onset of the main development phases are established. The observed environmental stress factors that do not depend on the variety are included in the average indicators calculation for a number of years, since they reflect the biological characteristics of the variety in certain soil and climatic conditions. Apple varieties were grouped by the dates of the beginning of the blossom vegetation. The first group of varieties has an early start of blossoming on April 14-17 (Majesti, Geneva), the second group April 18-20 (Carmen, Civt-11) and the third group has a blossom period of April 22-24 (Liberty, Idored, Fujii, Golden Delicious, Champion Reno). It is established that in the conditions of the South-Eastern foothill province of Daghestan, the average date of vegetation for apple varieties occurs in the end of the second decade of March. The passage of the terms of phenophases largely depends on the varietal characteristics. Phenological observations have shown that the duration of vegetation of apple varieties depends on the biological characteristics. On average, during the years of observation, the shortest vegetation period was found in the introduced variety of Civt11 221 days, and the longest in the variety of Liberty 239 days, in the varieties of Geneva, Majesti, Carmen, Idored, Champion Reno, Fujii, Golden Delisches the duration of the growing period was from 231 up to 237 days. The average duration of the growing season for all apple varieties was 233 days.
This paper presents the results of study of new Persian walnut breeding forms created from directed crosses using parental forms, possessing a complex of breeding valuable and promising for production features. In this connection, a comprehensive assessment of new walnut forms to select the best candidates for varieties is relevant area for scientific search. The aim of the research was to carry out a comprehensive assessment of new breeding walnut forms to reveal the best of them, combining in its genotype the complex of important signs for further use in breeding and expansion of the group of promising varieties. It was established according the analysis of the results of a comprehensive assessment that most of the studied hybrid forms of walnut Persian (17-2/1, 17-2/17, 17-2/19, 17-5/17, 17-1/14, 17-2/5, 17-2/17, 17-2/19, 17-5/10, 17-5/17) have a field resistance to the main diseases such as brown spotting and bacteriosis. It is revealed that five perfect walnut forms 17-2/5, 17-2/16, 17-2/19, 17-5/5, 17-5/10 are characterized by a comparative early maturity (the beginning of fruiting at 5-6 years) in combination with high productivity (18.7-19.3 kg/tree or 3.7-3.9 t/hectare) when the planting scheme of 10x5 m. High tasting assessment (4.5 points) and fruit quality of the fruits were the characteristics of hybrid walnut forms of 17-2 /1 and 17-6/10. Hybrid walnut forms were identified by a set of positive signs (17-2/17, 17-2/16, 17-2/19, 17-5/5, 17-6/10), possessing economically valuable and breeding significant traits, these forms of interest for further breeding work and replenishment of fruit crops assortment with walnut Persian varieties of domestic selection.
This article presents the results of selection of fallopian bushes of the autochthonous Kokur Bely grape variety (100 bushes) according to 11 agrobiological features in the pre-cases of the initial group of plants (about 500 pieces) by the multi-criteria optimization method. When conducting clone breeding, the crucial points are the methods of selecting protoclons, the timing of testing and checking the stability of their properties in the offspring. The duration and complexity of clone breeding dictates the need to find new methodological approaches to increase in the efficiency and speed up the selection of grape plants. The essence of the method in relation to clone selection is to conduct a comparative assessment of the studied grape bushes by a set of agrobiological indicators, which represent a set of evaluation criterions by converting units of measurement to a dimensionless form using the normalization operation. This method was previously tested on populations of Citronny Magaracha, Gars Levelu and Saperavi grape varieties, which is reflected in the publications. The research was conducted at the production plot of the Kokur Bely grape variety (No. 361, AZOS-1 formation, 3×1.25 planting scheme) in the Alushta branch of the State Unitary Enterprise of the Krimean Republic Massandra PJSC. For further clone breeding, 100 bushes with the lowest function indicators were selected, with a range of values ranging from 3,847 to 6,277. The multi-criteria optimization method can be used for processing data collected during the study of grape variety populations and allows us to select the optimal protoclons for a complex of economic and biological characteristics, converting various units of measurement into dimensionless values. In the end, the application of this method allows you to objectively evaluate each bush, and then, when selecting and implementing clones in production, increase in the profitability of the grape-wine industry.
This paper presents the results of agrobiological and uvological assessment of new grape varieties of breeding in Germany and Russia cultivated under the agro-ecological conditions of the Western Ciscaucasia. The studies were carried out using modern field research methods for viticulture in atypical weather c onditions in 2019. As an object of research, a grape variety of German origin Monarch and a domestic hybrid Gift of Dmitry, were used. These technical forms were selected for research as they are characterized by high biological indicators, and give a good harvest of grape berries even in adverse years for their cultivation. Also they have signs of resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors typical for the unstable and stressful climate of the Western Ciscaucasia. Under the unstable weather conditions of 2019, in the Black Sea zone, according to the main indicators of productivity, an agrobiological and uvological assessment of the introduced German Monarch variety and the domestic promising hybrid Dmitriy Podarok was carried out against the background of control of the domestic Saperavi Severny grape variety. The results of assessment carried out by us showed that the studied objects indicated high agrobiological indexes under stressful climatic conditions of Western Siscaucasia zone. For the same conditions, a uvological assessment of the bunches of the studied forms was carried out. The data obtained by us in the process of these research should be considered as preliminary data in relation to the atypical agroecological conditions of 2019. To get the deeper and well based conclusions, research in this field will be continued.