Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
In viticulture, the grapes assortments is one of the factors determining the stability, productivity of plantations and the direction of product using. The introduction of new valuable varieties provides an increase in the yield, and production of vine and wine products. Of particular value are the varieties sources of group immunity to major diseases and vermins, and the varieties with high adaptive potential. Consumers are interested not only in the beautiful kind of bunches and berries, but also in the high taste of table grapes. Therefore, one of the main direction of grapes breeding in the Anapa zonal experimental station of viticulture and wine-making is the cultivation of grapes varieties of table direction, possessing a set of economically valuable and adaptive significant features suitable for intensive, resource- energy-saving technologies for grapes cultivation. As a result of carried out agrobiological, phenological and technological study, three new hybrid forms of table grapes were identified of early, middle and middle-late maturation. The selected forms are characterized by high morphological and economically valuable signs. The new hybrid forms of grapes were created as a result of crossing such high-quality varieties as Moldova the Moldovan breeding variety as a donor of resistance; the Cardinal and Koroleva Vinogradnikov as the donors of high quality and economic and commodity traits. The article gives a brief description of the selected forms. It is shown that the new hybrid grapes forms of III-59-43, III-62-49, III-62-10 are characterized by a beautiful outward appearance of the bunches and berries, and also they have an average bunch weight, convenient for packing and further transportation.
The introduction of high-value technical varieties and progressive technologies of cultivation to produce high-quality raw materials for the production of dry and dessert vintage wines is an urgent task of the viticulture of the Daghestan Republic. New grapes varieties should have the ecological plasticity, suitability for mechanization of labor-consuming pro-cesses of caring for a bush, and to have a high quality of the crop, including an increased content of biologically valuable substances. The purpose of this research work is to expand the conveyor of varieties and to replenish the assortment of grapes with new technical varieties, which can serve as a raw material for the production of high quality wines, capable to replace the imported wine materials. The article gives the botanical, agrobiological and economic technological characteristics of the new technical Fioletta grapes at its cultivation under the ecological conditions of Southern Daghestan. Fioletta is a new technical grapes variety of the Daghestan selection testing station for viticulture and horticulture, a branch of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution "North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center for Horticulture, Viticulture and Wine-making" breeding. The Fioletta variety was obtained by crossing of Gimra and Asyl Kara varieties. It differs from parental forms by the color and intensity of the berry coloring, thin skin, high sugar accumulation and very juicy pulp. Fioletta belongs to the group of varieties of the average maturation period. The grapes of this variety are used for the preparation of red table wines and juices. The introduction of the Fioletta grapes into production will serve as a good base for the formation of grape assortment with increased resistance to fungal diseases and vermins, winter and frost resistance, and will contribute to the expansion of the assortment of qualitative Russian wines, including ter-roir wines.
The purpose of this work is to determine the inheritance of genotypic traits and phenotypic features in the posterity of indigenous Daghestan grape varieties of Gimra and Asyl Kara, using as the example a new search was carried out with grape varieties from the Ampelographic collection of the Daghestan Selection Testing Station of Viticulture and Horticulture: as Gimra (Tavalinsky Ranniy), Asyl Kara (Kizlyar Cherny) and a new variety of Fioletta (Gimra υ Asyl Kara). The culture of the grapes is on own roots and with use of irrigation. In the process of research the next methods were used: field study of phenological, morphological and biological features and phases of varieties development; the statistical variational analysis with determination of the reliability of the results; the laboratory method in which the genotyping of grape varieties was carried out by the following SSR-marker: VVS2, VVMD7, VVMD27, VVMD5, VrZAG62, VrZAG79. As a control for molecular analysis the Cabernet- Sauvignon was used in our work. The article presents the phenotypic features and DNA-passports of indigenous Daghestan varieties of Gimra and Asyl Kara and a new hybrid form obtained by hybridization of these varieties, named Fioletta, of the DSTSV&H breeding. The genetic commonality of the origin of the indigenous grape varieties studied, and the features of inheritance of phenotypic and genetic traits from parental forms are shown. It is noted in the article that the obtained DNA- passports of varieties can be effectively used to determine the clean varieties of planting material and grapes plantations of these varieties, and to determine the genetic proximity to one or another variety in the parent pair, and for the clarification of the parental forms of the sample, and also for the disputed questions of the authorship of the variety.
The further improvement of the vineyards variety composition is of great importance in the yield increasing of vineyards. An effective way to increase in the productivity of some varieties is to introduce into cultivation the varieties-clones that increase in the productivity of plantations by 25-30 % and improve the quality of the production. The problem of comprehensive study of promising varieties under specific conditions of their cultivation is actual. This article presents the results of the evaluation of the agrobiological and logistic characteristics of the introduced clone of Muscat Bely VCR-3 in comparison with the classic Muscat Bely variety. Study of embryonic fruitfulness of clone VCR-3 in the conditions of the Southern coast of Crimea has shown that the initial potential of fruitfulness of buds of this variety is high. The maximum values of the fruiting ratio (K1) were for the clone VCR-3 and they exceeded the control by an average of 18.2 %. The yield of the Muscat Bely VCR-3 clone is higher on 29.5 %, than that of control Muscat Bely variety, which is associated with a large number of berries on the bush and a larger (by 15.1 %) bunch mass. But, the control is characterized by higher values of the sugar mass concentration in the berries juice (more than that of clone an average of 3.8 %). Based on the results of a comprehensive assessment, the Muscat Bely VCR-3 clone (IPP = 0.87) is very promising under the condition of research, its agro-biological and qualitative indicators correspond to the modern requirements of industrial grapes cultivation. For a more detailed study of the introduced clone of Muscat Bely VCR-3 under different cultivation conditions, the further study is required, which will be continued in subsequent years.
Persian walnut is traditionally popular in the Russian market. For the gardeners the creating of industrial plants is profitable, and from the sale of the harvest, and from the sale of valuable wood in the garden renovation. One of the key parameters for the modern horticulture is the availability of suitable varieties. Creating the varieties possessing along with high yield, the resistance to cold, the complex of other valuable features and properties (early maturing, complex resistance to drought and major diseases anthracnosis and bacteriosis during epiphytoties, and vermins codling moth and dusky veined walnut aphids, the self-compatibility, high commodity and consumer quality fruit with a high content of nutrients and bioactive substances, etc..) can be an effective way in solving the breeding problems The article presents the results of breeding of Persian walnut in the FSBSI NCFSCHVW (NCRRIH&V). From hybrid fund the four types on a range of biological and agronomic traits are selected and studied for a wide introduction to the peasant and farmers' economies. Oven Persian walnut is obtained in 1988, when the cultivar Pelan was pollen by cultivar Iziaschniy. Cultivar Nadezhda is the elite seedling isolated in 1996 in local seed populations. Cultivar Rodina is the elite seedling selected in 1996 in the local seed populations. Cultivar Dachniy is isolated from the seedlings of an open pollination variety of Ideal (mutation breeding). Sowing of seeds was held in 1990. In the process of study the detailed information was received about the morphological and biological characteristics and properties of varieties. Also the results of phenological observations and analysis of yield and fruit quality are presented.