Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
A special place among the fruit and berry crops growing in the south of Russia is rightfully occupied by sea buckthorn, which has exceptional nutritional properties. The fruits of the sea buckthorn are a valuable source of biologically active substances. Due to the presence of vitamins, phenolic compounds and organic acids, it is classified as adaptogenic agents with pronounced antioxidant and anti-stress properties that normalize metabolic processes in the human body. Sea buckthorn juice increases antioxidant properties, the level of testosterone and hemoglobin in the blood. The fruits of the sea buckthorn are most often consumed in processed form. In recent years, sea buckthorn juices and their blends are very popular among the population, according to statistics. For the processing of sea buckthorn fruits, it is necessary to use enzyme preparations to intensify technological processes that contribute to the destruction of polysaccharides and biotransformation of biologically active substances. The effect of the enzyme preparation Trenolin Opti DF on the chemical quality indicators of juice from sea buckthorn fruits was investigated in the laboratory of storage and processing of fruits and berries. The effect of enzymatic hydrolysis on the juice yield and the height of the plant sediment was established. As a result of the experiments, the yield of biologically active substances was determined: vitamins C, P, E, polyphenols. It was found that it increased by 8-17 % after enzymatic hydrolysis with Trenolin Opti DF. Data on the content of the fractional composition of sugars were obtained. It was found that the yield of glucose and sucrose increased by more than 10%. Sea buckthorn varieties Donchanka, Moryachka and Syurpriz Baltiki, growing in the south of Russia, were selected for laboratory research.
The research materials consider the results of an expert assessment of wine products made from grape varieties of domestic breeding, native, autochthonous varieties, domestic clones of introduced varieties, experimental varieties and forms of grapes, which participated in the tasting competition Anticea-2021 (Krasnodar, Russia). Expert assessment of the quality of competitive samples was carried out on a 100-point system in accordance with the recommendations of the International Organization of Vine and Wine (O.I.V.) The jury of the competition included leading specialists from the largest wineries in the Krasnodar region, expert tasters, leaders of trade unions and associations. Samples of wine products made from grapes of more than 60 different varieties from the Republic of Dagestan, the Bryansk region, the Republic of Adygea, the Rostov region, the Stavropol region, the Republic of Crimea and the Krasnodar region were submitted to the competition. Grand Prix cups, gold and silver medals, as well as diplomas of participants were provided as awards. According to the results of the tasting competition Anticea-2021, participants were awarded with special diplomas in various categories: For the consistently high quality of wine products named after. A.A. Merzhanian, For the introduction into production of varieties of NCFCHVV breeding named after. L.T. Kokhanova, For high culture in viticulture and winemaking named after K.A. Serpukhovitina, The best winemaker of a small form of business, For the promotion of varieties of Russian breeding. All samples of wine products that participated in the competition were distinguished by special organoleptic properties and stood out for their originality. It is shown that the combination of high-qualityproducts, due to edaphoclimatic differences in the area and varietal characteristics of grapes, as well as production technologies, can help bring Russian winemaking to a more significant level of competition.
The article presents experimental data confirming the production variability of table grape variety Viktor during biological manipulation with a living plant organism and its organs. Field studies were carried out in the Central agroecological zone of viticulture of the Krasnodar region. The planting scheme of bushes 3.8 × 2.0 m, the formation of bushes is a high- standard two-armed cordon, rootstock is Berlandieri × Riparia SO4. The average annual air temperature is 12.513.0 ºC, the sum of active temperatures is 3900-4100 ºC, the maximum air temperature during the growing season is plus 40 ºC, air temperature in winter drops to minus 30 ºC. The annual precipitation is 700-800 mm. The soils are low-humus, leached powerful chernozems. In such agroecological conditions, the Viktor grape variety has a high production responsiveness to the optimization of the structural elements of the bush. There is a change in the mass of the bunch and the yield of grapes, depending on the load of the bushes with shoots and bunches. The largest weight of a bunch is formed at an average load of bushes with shoots (21-24 pieces/bush) and bunches (13-15 pieces/bush) and is 0.777 kg. The correlation dependence of the average weight of a bunch of grapes of the Victor variety on the number of shoots on the bushes is moderate, r = 0.3. The yield capacity of grapes, including commercial ones, tends to decrease with a decrease in the load of bushes with shoots and bunches. The highest yield capacity of grapes was at the highest load of bushes with shoots (26-30 pieces/bush) and bunches (17-20 pieces/bush) and amounted to 18.19 t/ha. The correlation dependence of yield capacity on the load of bushes with shoots and bunches is medium and strong, r = 0.68 and r = 0.71, respectively. The share of commercial grapes is high, on average 92 %. The largest share of the commercial grape yield, 96 %, was in the variants with an average load of bushes with shoots (21-24 pieces/bush) and an average load of bunches (13-15 pieces/bush) and amounted to 13.5 t/ha.
The purpose of the research was to study the effect of resonant frequency preparations of roots on the regenerative properties of grape cuttings during vegetative reproduction. An analytical review of techniques and methods of using resonant frequencies affecting biological processes in the low-frequency range with low-intensity exposure is given. The potential possibility of using electromagnetic field treatments in a fixed spectrum of frequencies and frequencies of the spectrum characteristic of individual chemical preparations and biological processes is shown. The positive influence of the resonant frequencies of the root meristem on the regeneration processes of cuttings during the production of the planting material of grape has been established. Work has been done to establish possible options for the coupling of technological equipment for the use of a modulated low-intensity electromagnetic field in the production of grape planting material. The indicators of rooting and shoot formation of two-bud annual cuttings of the technical variety Citronnyi Magaracha have been studied. The resonant frequencies of the root tissue in the experiment performed the role of modulating the main spectrum of operating frequencies, which is the carrier. A support structure (water) treated with the spectrum of carrier frequencies of the applied equipment was used as a control sample. Positive results of the application of the root meristem as a source of resonant frequencies for the creation of a stimulating drug have been obtained. The effect of this drug on the growth of the shoot formation index manifested itself as the main one out of five in three variants of the experiment, where the secondary effect was a positive dynamic of changes in the rooting index of grape cuttings. As a working hypothesis explaining the obtained effects, an assumption is made about the manifestation of the similarity principle characteristic of interacting living systems. The basic algorithms for the reception and transmission of resonant frequencies characteristic of the tissues of young grape roots are proposed. The established regularities of processing the working carrier (water) with the resonant frequency spectrum of the biological product when it is directly removed from the source are confirmed. In order to clarify the degree of efficiency of the operating modes of the process hardware in relation to the tasks being solved, the mass-produced specialized equipment has been tested in independent and coupled operation modes. Optimal algorithms for the hardware production of a resonant-frequency stimulating drug based on the root meristem are proposed.
Improving the assortment of stone fruit crops, including domestic plum, is carried out by various methods of varietal, interspecific hybridization, clonal selection, etc. The efficiency of the breeding process is determined by the initial parental pairs included in the crosses, whether they are donors or sources of valuable traits. In this connection, the identification of more promising for breeding involves a comprehensive assessment to identify their genetic potential, adaptability and productivity in the edaphoclimatic conditions of the region where the variety testing is carried out. The aim of the research was a comprehensive assessment of plum varieties of various ecological and geographical origin, concentrated in the NCFSCHVW plum collection, identification of source varieties of valuable traits for use in breeding and renewal of the southern assortment. In the process of variety testing, new data were obtained regarding their biological potential, the manifestation of a set of features important for a new variety: early maturity, adaptability to the most harmful diseases, productivity in the conditions of southern Russia. As a result of many years of field and laboratory studies, sources of breeding-significant traits have been identified for inclusion in hybridization and obtaining new breeding material. It has been established that plum varieties Femida, Top Hit Plus and Presenta are early maturing and in the conditions of southern gardening come into fruiting for 3 years after planting in the garden. Domestic variety Herzog showed resistance to high-temperature stress factors of the summer period. According to resistance to the diseases dominating in the region (clasterosporiasis and moniliosis), varieties Prezenta, Ozark Premier, Andromeda, Dark Sunlight were distinguished, the affection of the leaves of which did not exceed 1 point. The sources of the productivity sign are the plum varieties Olenka, Dark Sunlight, Prezenta, which form a high Yield of 20 t/ha and above with dense planting patterns. The sources of high taste qualities (4.5 points) include plum varieties August delight, Dark Sunlight, Prezenta. The selected sources of valuable traits are recommended for further breeding and renewal of the southern plum assortment.