Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
For a number of years at the Anapa's Zonal Experimental Station of wine growing and winemaking the breeding work was carried out to create the grapes varieties adapted for climatic conditions of cultivation and steady against diseases and wreckers, with high rates of productivity and quality of products. As a donor of stability to mildew and to a frost the Kriulyanskiy grapes of the Moldavian breeding was used. As a donor of quality and early ripeness the Cardinal grapes was used. The purpose of crossing of these grapes varieties were the receiving of new high-quality grapes varieties with the beautiful appearance and the increased resistance to fungal diseases and a frost, with high tastes quality and early term of ripening. As the result of the research conducted by us the 16 perspective forms were received after crossing. Morphological, agrobiological and phenological study of the selected forms was carried out using the classic methods accepted in the viticulture. As a result of the long-term hybridological analysis the hybrid forms were selected, and studied, and reproduced by vegetative way; these forms have a beautiful appearance of berries and bunches, a high crop and a high quality of production, like on the level of the European control grapes varieties. Further these forms are received the names of the following varieties: Cardinal Anapa, Lunny, Taman, Zori of Anapa and Prikubanskiy. It is indicated that the selected perspective grapes varieties of table direction can be used in the further breeding and genetic research. These grapes varieties can be the donors of such valuable qualities, as the resistance to frosts, the elegant appearance of bunches and berries, immunity to mildew, productivity and quality of production, and that is important when it is necessary to create the new grapes varieties.
In the modern wine growing for fight against a root phylloxera an inoculation of European-Asian grapes varieties on rootstocks steady against this wrecker is using. In this article the information is presented what types of rootstocks of domestic and foreign breeding are used in the modern branch of wine growing. The area of their use is described, the useful properties of rootstocks and their demerits are described. The purpose of this work is creating of new grapes rootstocks which wouldn't have the merits of existing rootstocks. The short description of the grapes rootstocks of breeding of the Anapa's Zonal Experimental Station of wine growing and winemaking as AZOS-1, AZOS-2, AZOS-3, AZOS-4, AZOS-5 and AZOS-6 is given in the article. It is indicated that these rootstocks have a high resistance to a leaf form of phylloxera, to chlorosis and to some other diseases of a grapes bush. They have the short period of vegetation, a high quantity of standard cutting from hectare and other useful properties. In the article the description of a new formation of rootstocks grapes bushes of "AOS-1" with a free trail shoots is given. This construction of grapes bush is developed by the Anapa's Zonal Experimental Station of wine growing and winemaking. It is also given all advantages of this forming in comparison with other designs of grapes bushes. It is especially noted that use of this forming of bushes increases the productivity per men in the process of bushes scrap and preparation of cutting; the expenditures on the struggle against diseases and wreckers on the vineyards are reduced; the quantity standard of grapes cutting increases by 27-33%.
The European grapes varieties making the main source of raw materials of our wine-making have a number of qualitative merits in the ready wines, but they also have the demerits in productivity and resistance under our climatic conditions of cultivation. For a laying of new plantings of white grapes varieties the old assortment is used, which in the extreme winters of 2005-2006 was heavy damaged. The purpose of our research is study of physical and chemical and biochemical composition of wine materials and wines from perspective grapes varieties. Their characteristic on the main estimated indicators will allow to create the whole series of new qualitative wines. The results of long-term study of new high-adaptive grapes varieties are presented in this article. The research is carried out at the Anapa's Experimental Zonal Station of Wine growing and Winemaking for the period from 2001 to 2013, the research allowed to reveal a number of perspective white technical varieties which are resistant to adverse ecological factors of environment and capable to give the high-quality wines. On the basis of organoleptic properties the wine materials from grapes Varvarovskiy, Zolotaya Osen, Bokator (7,85 points); AZOS Riesling (7,83 points); Arabushlo (7,8 points) and Aligote's control (7,78 points) were recognized as the best samples. On physical and chemical indicators all studied wine materials are corresponded to requirements of GOST. On total accumulation of biologically active agents the wine material from grapes of Mtsvane Kakhetinskiy (47,6 mg/dm3) was selected. Based on the results of the long-term research carried out by us the conclusion is made that the selected grapes varieties should be allowed for use in the industrial application and also for widely use in the breeding work as donors of frost resistance, drought resistance and wine quality that will expand the borders of steady grapes production in the region.
The water erosion annually causes a big losses to farmlands throughout the world. An erosion control of soils is one of the major national problem in the system of the measures directed on preservation and transformation of a landscape. The main factors of erosion development are: climatic, topographical, geological, soil, biological and the level of human economic activity. Soil erosion at the vineyards is one of priority problems in the modern wine growing. The purpose of the research conducted by us is to study the development of a water soil erosion in the vineyards. The object of our research is the vineyard soils affected by water erosion. The methods of research using in a work: the route and field inspections, the laboratory study of water and physical properties of the soil. The description of the major factors causing the development of water soil erosion in the vineyards is given in this article. It is noted that soils of easy structure with low content of organic substance are more exposed to a water erosion. It is also established that the water erosion can be manifestated on slopes, from 1. The negative influence of system of soil maintenance of vineyards as black steam is shown and scientifically based. The ways of decrease in the mechanical soil load and the prevention of development of soil degradation processes in the vineyards are offered. It is indicated that the laying of vineyards needs research for assessment of soil potential of plots; it is necessary to plan of a plot to neutralize the microheights and low places that will prevent the further development of a water erosion. The most effective method of control of a soil erosion is use of a grass cover that almost completely prevents the development of erosion processes.
In the Krasnodar Region, in a view of the intensified development of production of table and technical grapes varieties in the country farms, the question of creation of small-sized and hi-tech enterprises producing the high-quality competitive wines controlled according to the name and a geographical origin is actual. That the small enterprise will become rather competitive, it needs to introduce in the production the full-fledged optimized system of quality management (SMQ). The problem arising during forming of SMQ at a small enterprise is the definition of conditions of production and check of products quality. For ensuring of compliance of quality management system to requirements of normative documents it is necessary to create the system of monitoring and measurement of technological and organizational processes and the indicators of production quality. These questions are answered by a complex of the processes connected with control, measurement, analysis and improvement of production and processes. This article is devoted to development of the guide to process "Monitoring and measures of production and processes" for the small innovative enterprise "Mikrovinodeliye". The main purpose of this guide is the control and measurement of the current values of quality and safety of the wine-making production and the technological processes and the efficiency of function of quality management system as a whole. The algorithm of process is developed, its place in the quality management system is shown, the input and output requirements to process with links to normative documentation are adduced. The criterions of an assessment of quality of this process and a matrix of distribution of responsibility are developed. The system fulfillment of operations offered in the developed guide will allow to provide the stable growth of the small innovative enterprise on the basis of output of competitive wine-making production irrespective of change of external conditions of the environment.