Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The short history of berry crop`s collections creation in the branch Maykop Experimental Station of VIR is given. Species and varietal diversity of the genera Fragaria L., Rubus L., Ribes L., Grossularia Mill. is presented. The study of collection samples is carried out according to the generally accepted guidelines in the VIR. Particular attention is paid to plant condition of after wintering, phenological phases, growth and development, yield and quali-ty of berries, field assessment of resistance to hydrothermal stress, diseases and pests. It is shown that berry crops in the foothills of the Republic of Adygea generally overwinter well. The greatest damage is observed in severe and snowy winters, as well as under the influence of late spring frosts. For theoretical ground of some of the reasons for the decline in the yield and quality of berries the article reflects the results of the visual evaluation of plants, and their water exchange in an extremely hot and dry conditions. It was revealed that drought-and heat-resistant samples have increased water-holding capacity of leaves. According to visual observations, the resistance to summer stress factors manifest the thorn free blackberry varieties of Evergreen, Logan, Merton; and raspberry of Hussar, Shuntuk-skaya, Tarusa, Cumberland; black currants of Gracia, Lentyai, Kipiani, Uktus; red currant of Vica, Marmeladny; gooseberry of Besshipny and Houghton. The varieties of strawberry of local selection (Berchet, Kremlevskaya, Maikopskaya Rannya, Nelmes, Persikovaya, Predgornaya, Paryt, Shuntuk-skaya 6) and a number of introduced samples showed the field resistance to the complex of fungal diseases. Practically resistant to spots have the black currants of Delicates, Kipiani, Ladushka, R. americanum Mill. subsp. floridum ; red currant of Azora, Asya, Isumitelnaya, Krasnaya Andreichenko, Marmeladny; gooseberry Haughton. Among blackberries are allocated: Agavam, Evergreen, Kittatinny, Whitford Thornless; raspberry Turner, Shuntukskaya 6, Briliantovaya. When growing and compiling breeding programs for the Southern region of Russia, it is necessary to take into account the based characteristics of the studied samples.
Downy mildew is one of the most common and harmful diseases of the grapevine, caused by the biotrophic oomycete Plasmopara viticola. The disease causes significant damage to the grape harvest and gets worse its quality. One of the most effective methods to control the disease is the cultivation of resistant grape varieties. The grape varieties Vitis vinifera (the basis of the modern high-quality assortment) practically have not the genetic resistance to this disease. Downy mildew resistant genotypes belong to the North American and Asian grape varieties, as well as Muscadinia rotundifolia. The search for resistance donors and their inclusion in the process of creating the new highly resistant genotypes is an important task of modern breeding and genetics. Today, more than 20 loci of resistance to downy mildew have been identified in the genome of grapes. Rpv12 gene was identified by S. Venuti et al. using QTL analysis. A set of DNA markers associated with the Rpv12 gene was also detected and recommended for DNA-marker breeding. The donor of this resistance gene is wild Vitis amurensis. We conducted a PCR study of the grape genotypes potential gene carriers, according to their pedigree, using DNA markers (UDV343, UDV360) linked to the downy mildew resistance gene Rpv12. The separation of the reaction products was made by capillary electrophoresis using an automatic ABI Prism 3130 genetic analyzer. For DNA-markers testing, DNA of the Kunleany and Zarya Severa varieties was included in the work. According to the literature, the Rpv12 gene is presented in these varieties. Also, the varieties that do not carry the resistance gene (Cabernet Sauvignon and Chardonnay) were included in the work as negative controls. Targeted PCR products are identified in the Kunleany and Zarya Severa genotypes, that corresponds to the literature data, as well as in the genotypes Stepnyak and Vostorg.
The paper gives the data on microscopic examination of vines of the studied varieties cultivated in various regions as compared with varieties from the vineyards of Closed Join Stocking named after Sh.G. Aliyev, Derbent Region Republic of the Daghestan. Unlike introduced plants, the domestic cultivars possess such hereditary signs as high adaptability, quality and productivity. The highest economic productivity potential can be demonstrated by grapevine varieties and clones in their natural habitats. Introduced clones surpass the analogs, by their adaptive potential, yield capacity and quality indicators of wine products. Productivity analysis for vineyards with different variety grapes expressed through the potential fruiting capacity of the shoots allows to forecast the yield and determine the pruning and loading parameters for the vine bush in order to implement the productive capacity and to obtain the optimum of standard harvest. The suggested approach to determine the potential productivity can be used on other varieties and in the different grape cultivation zones and recommended to optimize the using regime of grape varieties of various types. The fruitfulness ratio val-ues (K1) of the winemaking grape varieties of Pervenetz Magaracha and Tsitronny Magaracha is average1.13, those of table grape varieties of Shokoladny and Podarok Zaporozhya is 0.95. The comparative analysis demonstrated that the average K1 values of the newly introduced varieties (K1 = 1.13) were higher than the K1 value of the control (K1 = 0.91) and were characterized as high; K1 = 0.79 of the table varieties tested are average, while the control variety showed a very high Κ1 value of 1.28. The maximum K1 values were registered for Pervenets Magaracha winemaking grape variety at the level of the 7th bud (K1 = 1.75) and Khatmi table grapes K1 = 1.86, control at the level of the 6th bud.
Natural conditions of Crimea are favorable for the successful cultivation of a variety of fruit, berry and other crops. In this region, horticulture is one of the priority branches of the agro-industrial complex the main task of which is to provide the population with fruits, berries and their derived products. The most important direction in improving the efficiency of Crimean horticulture is its further intensification using clonal rootstocks, highly productive varieties and technological developments adapted to the conditions of growth. The article presents an overview and results of a long-term study of rootstocks, varieties, their combinations and methods of cultivating the competitive, headed planting material of fruit crops. A new clon-al rootstock K104 was selected and included in the State Register of Selection Achievements Approved for Use, which by force of growth, occupies an intermediate position between M9 and MM106 and does not require the installation of an expensive trellis. Slightly growing clonal rootstocks KA 61, KA 86, KA 53, KA 92 for pear were created, resistant to high content of CaCO3 in the soil (up to 30%). The productivity of these rootstocks in the mother plantation is 20-30 % higher than that of VA 29; in the garden by 25-30 %. By fast ripening and high yielding, the rootstocks for peach BBA-1 and Evrika 99 in combination with varieties of Veteran and Redhaven were distinguished. Among the seed rootstocks, GF-305 distinguished itself. Intensive gardening presupposes the mandatory transfer of the industry to a virus-free basis. It is established that the yield capacity of plantings planted the material healthy from the main virus diseases is higher by 25-30 %.
Plant defense reaction are produced in response to the perception of the stress factor and one of the earliest responses is the generation of reactive oxygen forms by the plant. This forms cause the for-mation of a secondary stress state in the plants, which activates and intensifies a cascade of signaling events. This leads to the manifestation in the plants of a series of biochemical changes that form a protective answer. Strengthening a number of protective anti-stress reactions is possible through the use of stimulating substances elicitors, which include the components of the plants themselves, as well as chemicals of pathogens, such as chitosan and exogenous phytohormones. The purpose of this research is to study the peculiarities of the change in the antioxidant response in two grape varieties, contrasting in resistance to mildew, in the process of treatments with inductors of immunity of different directions of action. For the experiment, in vitro plants of contrasting mildew-resistant grape varieties of Muscat Bely (susceptibility 4 points) and Vostopg (susceptibility 1 point) were selected. The non-bearing plants of the first year planting are used. The effect of immunity inducers the development of oxidative stress and antioxidant reactions in grape plants with different resistance to mildew has been studied. It was shown that the reactions of the Muscat Bely varie-ty unstable to the mildew were manifested in some of the used treatments, while the resistant Vostorg variety showed similar reactions to all types of immunity stimulation. This may indicate a great abil-ity to perceive various types of signals and quickly coordinate them to react, which does not lead to oxidative damage of plants.