Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The results of agrical and chemical monitoring of the sod-carbonate soil under the fructifying grapes orchards of Merlot in the conditions of the Black Sea area of Krasnodar Region are presented in the article. During the period from 2009 to 2015 in the soil at a depth up to 120 cm (through each 30 cm) it is studied the dynamics and parameters of maintenance of mobile forms of macro and micro minerals and harmful salts (chlorides and sulfates) and the range of values are analyzed. The relevance of the research is caused by of development of the effective differentiated, resource-saving, ecologically safe system of use of vineyards fertilizers, and also by need of identification of the factors which are limiting the stability of ampelocenoses and negatively influencing the quality indicators of a harvest. The quantitative results of monitoring in interrelation with dynamics of efficiency of grapes productivity give an idea about regularities of plants behavior in the concrete soil climatic conditions and allow us to create the theoretical designs of productional process. The considerable variation of mobile forms of phosphorus and potassium in the soil, and also the low content of nitrogen and the increased content of manganese are established. The amount of chlorides in the soil didn't exceed the admissible values. The soil plots with excess of average content of sulfates in the soil are revealed. The carried out agric and biological measuring has allowed to define the influence of agric and chemical indicators of the experimental plot activity of productional processes of grapes plants. The number of shoots per one bush on experimental plants in average during observation period was 21-26, the number of fruitful shoots per 1 bush 16-23, the number of inflorescences was 27-31. The coefficient of fructification (K1) at the same time was 0,76-0,91, and coefficient of fruitfulness (K2) was 1,08-1,29.
The results of the research on the prevalence and harmfulness of white rot in the vine plantations of different varieties under the conditions of the Lower Don are presented. It is noted that the white rot in the vineyards of the Rostov Region was not a common disease, so it was not studied enough. Since 2010, there has been a trend of increasing in the prevalence and harmfulness of white rot. In our opinion, the reasons for this were the accumulation of pathogen infection, climate change and the processes occurring in the biology of the pathogen, its high flexibility and adaptability to environmental conditions and the presence of susceptible varieties. Intense lose of berries is observed due to various damages: hailstorm, mechanical injuries, insects, diseases; sunburn and due to insufficient agronomic activities. In the case of optimal conditions for germination of the fungus spores the berries may be affected even through the intact tissue. Under the particularly favorable conditions for the pathogen the large crop losses up to 50 % or more may occur. We have found that the development of white rot in the agro-climatic zone of the Lower Pre Don is observed in the berries only, and the appearance of symptoms of the disease depends directly on the phase of development of the grapes from the end of berry's growth to the start of its softening. The appearance of the first signs of berries infection, depending on weather conditions of the year, was noted usually during the second or third decade of July the most favorable conditions for the pathogen. In recent years, the harmfulness of white rot increases due to increase of insects that damage plants and due to increase in the quantity of insects in the vineyards of the Lower Don.
The article presents the results of a study of growth vigor and yield capacity of sweet cherry varieties and hybrids of Belarusian breeding on clonal rootstocks of VSL-2 and Izmailovskiy. The studying of biometric features of trees growth, allows you to select the varieties with restrained growth for the compact orchards and to create an optimal system of cultivation of specific varieties. As a result of study it is found that the clonal rootstocks of VSL-2 and Izmailovskiy influence on reducing of growth vigor of grafted varieties and hybrids of sweet cherry taking into account the index of cross sectional area of the trunk. It was revealed that a cherry hybrid 4/10 on the VSL-2 has a smallest growth vigor 115 cm2 of the trunk section area. The Syubarovskaya on the wild cherry has the yield capacity by 39,2 t/ha and the trees of this variety on the VSL-2 have a yield capacity by 20,2 t/ha. The highest index of crown productivity is noted for the Syubarovskaya on the Izmailovskiy rootstock and for a hybrid 4/10 on the VSL-2 0,23 and 0,24 kg/cm2 respectively. The effect of VSL-2 and Izmailovskiy clonal rootstocks on the formation of small compact crown of grafted sweet cherry trees is found. The trees of Naslazhdeniye on the VSL-2 have the smallest area of crown projection 4 m2 and the crown volume 6,7 m3, as well as the largest index of crown volume productivity 2,9 kg/m3. It was found that the sweet cherry varieties of Medunitsa, Naslazhdeniye and a hybrid of 15/112 grafted on the wild cherries seedlings have genetically determined weak growth of the trees. The Medunitsa sweet cherry realizes most fully a genetic potential of the compact and small crown, and also this variety has the high productivity index of volume crown function of grafted trees.
The systems of trees protection against harmful objects (from 14 to 18 processings during the season) are the obligatory element of intensive technologies of an apple-tree cultivation. Pesticides are used more intensively in the apple-tree gardens of winter maturing which fruits are intended for a long storage. The new knowledge of dynamics of accumulation macro- and microelements in the "soil-plant-fruits" system is necessary for development of ecologically safe agric-technological methods of fruit crops cultivation in the modern gardening. The research are carried out in an industrial apple-tree garden of intensive type on the chernozem leached from 2009 to 2011 at different systems of garden maintenance. For determination of minerals quantity, in-cluding heavy metals, in the soil and apple-tree plants, the methodical instructions for definition of heavy metals in the soil and crop production are used. In the soil of apple-tree garden cultivated using the intensive technologies the high content of mobile compounds of copper, exceeding threshold limit concentrations by 1,5-2 times and direct impact of pesticides on the content of mobile zinc in the soil, leaves and fruits of an apple-tree are found. The preservation of fertility of the chernozem leached and restriction of migration of copper mobile forms in a garden ecosystem under the conditions of the central subzone of gardening of Krasnodar Region requires the replenishment of soil by organic substance not less than 20 t/hectare and not rarely than once in three years. For prevention of surplus accumulation of copper and zinc in the "soil-plant-fruits" system when cultivation of an apple-tree using the intensive technologies it is necessary to reduce the frequency rate of processings by preparations containing copper and zinc and to replace them less dangerous ones.
In the article it is noted that cultivation and introduction in the production of the Don native grapes varieties in the territory of Krasnodar Region will give the chance to make from them the high-quality and unique wines, and also will provide the increase in interest of producers in vine growing and wine-making branch. The objects of our research the wine materials from the following grapes varieties have been used: Bessergenevsky No. 7, Sibirkovy, Varyushkin, Granatovy, Muscat Hamburg. Processing of grapes raw for receiving of wine materials was carried out in 2015 in the shop of micro wine-making of the North Caucasian Regional Research Institute of Horticulture and Vitisculture. During the research the analyses of the physical and the chemical composition of the wine materials prepared from above-mentioned grapes varieties have been carried out using the method of a capillary electrophoresis in the laboratory of "Wine-making" Center a nd in the Center of collective use of NCRRIH&V with use of Capel-105 device. When the analyses are carrying out the standard techniques, and also the techniques developed by employees of NCRRIH&V were applied. The con-tent of organic acids and cations of metals in the samples from the studied grapes varieties is determined. The carried out analysis has shown that the greatest quantity of wine acid contains in the samples from grapes of Bessergenevsky No. 7. As a result of study of cationic composition of wine materials it is revealed that the researched samples have the high content of potassium (528,3-1811 mg/dm3) that is coordinated with literary information. All samples presented in a research have a harmonious taste, they have also the positive reviews and the high tasting assessment of experts-tasters of NCRRIH&V. It gives the grounds to recommend the grapes varieties studied by us for production of qualitative wine materials and wines.