Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The central part of Abkhazia is recognized as one of the regions where the cultural grapevine originates. Famous varieties that have created the fame of local wines as well as the less-studied genotypes and wild-growing forms grow here. The study of the local gene pool of grapes at the molecular genetic level makes it possible to more fully assess the genetic diversity of varieties and forms, to identify closer and distant genotypes. As a part of the study of the Abkhazia grapes, we are carrying out DNA profiling of local cultivars. The purpose of this work is to study the genotype of the variety Azhshkuakua (Azhizhkvakva) variety. The Azhshkuakua plants growing in the collection of the agricultural company "Wines and Waters of Abkhazia", corresponding to the varietal description was used in the work. DNA was extracted from the apical part of young shoots of the cultivar`s plants by the method based on the use of CTAB. Genotyping was performed using SSR markers recommended for identification of grape varieties: VVS2, VVMD5, VVMD7, VVMD25, VVMD27, VVMD28, VVMD32, VrZAG62, VrZAG79. The amplified PCR reaction products were evaluated by capillary electrophoresis using an ABI Prism 3130 automatic genetic analyzer, followed by sizing using the GeneMapper and PeakScanner software, correcting the values taking into account the data of the control (reference) genotype with a known allelic composition (Pinot noir). Analysis of the obtained DNA profile of Azhizhkvakva in the international database of DNA-fingerprint of grape varieties revealed its correspondence to the profile of the Tsitska cultivar, which is considered an indigenous variety of Georgia. The genotypes of these cultivars can be considered synonymous, since they have almost identical morphological features. According to the literature and molecular genetic data, confirmed the high degree of genetic similarity of varieties, it can be assumed that these cultivars are clonal variations of the same genotype.
Viticulture is promising in the areas of the North Caucasus Region, however, the assortment of zones does not always meet to modern requirements: environmental friendliness, low energy intensity of production combined with high quality of crop. Currently, the variety in viticulture has become one of the main means in solving the problem of increasing and stabilizing the productivity of plantations. In this regard, the selection of grapes for resistance to biotic and abiotic environmental conditions, along with high productivity and quality are especially relevant. Increasing in seed germination is a direction in breeding that requires special attention. The breeding process takes a long time, which is unacceptable in conditions of intensification of agricultural production. Due to the peculiarities of grape ontogenesis and low seed germination, the transfer of seedlings for competitive variety testing is possible no earlier than 8-10 years after sowing seeds. In our work, a simple and effective way to increase in the yield of seedlings by pre-stratification soaking is defined. In the experiment, the various concentrations of gibberellic acid were used. The minimum concentration of gibberellic acid of 0,01 % ensured an almost 100 % yield of seedlings. An increase in acid concentration up to 0,04 % stimulated the seedlings yield in comparison with the control variant, however, an excessive increase in concentration has an inhibitory effect. The composition of the substrate for sowing hybrid grape seeds in flowerpots was developed and tested, which provides high growth and development of plants in the 1 and 2 years of life. In general, the soaking of seeds and the correct selection of the substrate composition described in this work can reduce the breeding process by 3-4 years and allow us to transfer the seedlings earlier to the State variety testing.
It is present the results of the study of the content of macroand micronutrients in apricot fruits of Krasnoschekiy, Uzden, Uncukulskiy pozdniy, Honobah and Shalakh varieties, grown in the unique natural conditions of Dagestan on the plain, in the foothills and in the mountain river valley. The purpose of the research is to determine the varieties of apricots that are most capable to synthesize the valuable components of the chemical composition in fruits and to identify fruit zones of the ecological optimum for their cultivation in Daghestan. The elemental composition of apricot fruits was studied by flame and atomic absorption photometry, the content of sugars, titrated acids, pectins and vitamin C titrimetric, phenols and vitamin P colorimetric. The detected differences in the chemical composition, depending on the genetics of the apricot variety, made it possible to objectively assess their nutritional merits. The local variety of Honobah held the championship in the mass concentration of sugars (12.5 g/100 cm3 ), ascorbic acid (29.3 mg %) and vitamin P (71.7 mg %). The best ability to accumulate titrated acids (1.91%) and pectin substances (1.03%) was distinguished by the Uncukulskiy Pozdniy variety. A significant amount of phenolic substances (123.7 mg%) was determined in the Uzden variety. The introduced variety of Shalah showed the best ability to accumulate almost all mineral substances identified in the fruits. It was revealed that on the plain the natural factors cause a high concentration in apricots of sugars 8.7-12.5 g/100 cm3 and minerals: potassium (258.9- 377.5 mg%), calcium (28.2-42.8 mg%), sodium (30.3-54.7 mg %), magnesium (39.3-61.4 mg %) and iodine (0.7-1.2 μg%). In the foothills and mountain-valley area the conditions are more favorable for the synthesis of vitamins C and P 13.9-29.3; 49.3-71.7 mg %, titrated acids 1.29-1.91%, pectins 0.68-1.03 %, phenolic substances 79.5-123.7 mg %, high concentration of trace elements: zinc (47.8-77.3 μg%), copper (106.1-146.0 μg%) and iron 399.7-568.1μg%). Such studies are important for the effective use of the resource potential of fruit zones located at different altitudes above sea level and for the production of new products from apricots with high concentrations of macroand micronutrients.
For creation of lasting and highly productive plantations with promising grape varieties and clones, transition to laying of industrial plantations with the certified planting stock is necessary. In ARRIN@W named after Ya.I. Potapenko since 1992 the works to perfect the method of grapes improvement and microreproduction are carring out. Most narrow point of technology of clonal microreproduction are stages of adaptation to unsterile conditions, growing of the revitalized plants and their planting to the open soil for laying of basic uterine grape plantations. Now laying of basic uterine plantings of grapes on sandy array of the Ust-Donetsky region of the Rostov Region proceeds. The sandy array for laying of basic uterine grape plantings is chosen for risk reduction connected with spreading of the malicious vermin phylloxera. Researches and observations on basic uterine grape plantations have been made since 2004 under the conditions of Lower Kundryuchensky Department of the experimental ground now entering into CCU "The Don Ampelographic Collection of Ya.I. Potapenko". The plot is located in the territory of the Donetsk and Kundryuchensky sandy array which occupies the space about 15 thousand hectares between the Kundryuchya and Donts Rivers (near its mouth). The results of creation of basic uterine grape plantations of the rootstock and scion grape varieties revitalized in vitro culture are given. The problems which are often found on sandy soils and the ways of their decision are shown. The questions of planting of the revitalized grape plants under the conditions of greenhouses and the open soil are considered; the optimum terms and ways of their landing. The efficiency of different types of fertilizers is revealed. On the basis of generalizing of long-term data, the optimal solutions and technology of laying of basic uterine grape plantations from the revitalized in vitro of planting stock of grapes under the conditions of sandy array are developed and proposed. With the using of the developed ways and keeping the uterine plantations of grapes, survival of plants in the field conditions increased on average from 75 up to 95 %.
This work provides a comparison results of the physiological and biochemical characteristics of two apple cultivars different ploidy Soyuz (2n=3x) and Prikubanskoe (2n=2x). We studied the content of protein, lignin, malondialdehyde (MDA) and the level of peroxidase activity in annual shoots and leaves, as well as the content of nucleic acids in mature seeds. We found that the triploid of Soyuz is characterized by higher average values for almost parameters studied and their lower variability unlike the diploid of Prikubanskoe. At the same time, statistically significant differences were obtained by the content of protein and nucleic acids in the shoots and the seeds, respectively. The Soyuz variety, as a triploid, had higher values of these characteristics. On the other hand, Soyuz apple variety had the lower degree of resistance to winter temperatures compared to Prikubanskoe. It was determined by the lower activity of peroxidase, one of the antioxidant enzymes protector of plants under stress conditions and by the higher content of MDA, which is a product of lipid peroxidation of cell membranes. Our studies showed that the Soyuz apple variety, despite the relative stability of physiological characteristics in the summer months of study have, had the low level of stress tolerance compared to the Prikubanskoe variety in the winter period.