Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The main purpose of sweet cherry breeding is the creation of highly productive varieties with high ecological adaptability and high quality of fruits of universal direction. The results of long-term work on sweet cherry breeding in the North Caucasian Regional Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture are presented in the article. A wide diversity of genetic traits at a collection of fruit crops of NRRIH&V are used in the study. The breeding material that serves as the basis for creation of new varieties is obtained. The priority direction for breeding research are shown: breeding on winter hardiness, resistance to fungal diseases, early and late ripening time, improvement of fruit quality, biological productivity, etc. The regularities of formation of the modern sweet cherry assortment for industrial gardening in the Southern Russia are established. The incompatible combinations of crossings, the use of which reduces the efficiency of breeding, are revealed. At the Institute a series of sweet cherry varieties is created, these varieties meet the requirements of modern gardening, as the resistant to adverse environmental factors, the high yield and fruit quality, the restraint of tree growth. The new varieties, as Mak and Dar Izobiliya, are the positive example of use of sweet cherry varieties of various ecological origin in the hybridization. The first large-fruited varieties are received: Scarlet, Mak, Yuzhnaya, Utro Kuban, Madonna, Cherniy Glaza (mass of a fruit of 8-10 g). 12 the best varieties of sweet cherry are included in the State Register of selection achievements for a wide industrial use in a zone of the North Caucasus. It is noted that in the Krasnodar Region there are the big reserves for improvement and replenishment of standard assortment of sweet cherry by local varieties, well adapted under cultivation's conditions and have had the fruits of high gustatory quality.
The work purpose is estimation of adaptation and productional potential of new and perspective apple varieties of various ecological and geographical origin for formation of new regional assortment of the Chechen Republic. Objects of research were apple varieties of NRRIH&V breeding and the introduced varieties. The assessment of varieties is carried out according to programs and techniques of selection and variety's study of fruit, berry and nut bearing crops. The economic efficiency was counted on the basis of the actual expenses and profit from realization of fruits according to V.R. Boev's technique. The assessment of fast fruit bearing of apple-tree varieties of different origin on rootstock of MM-106 under the conditions of the Grozny area of the Chechen Republic showed that all varieties are fast fruit bearing. On the mass of a fruit the studied varieties are divided into two groups: with an average size (111-150 g) of a fruit and the size of a fruit above an average (151-200 g). All studied apple-tree varieties fructified annually, only the decrease in productivity is noted in the years with adverse conditions. The index of periodicity of fruit bearing depending on a variety varied from 50,7 to 88,7. On productivity for years of research Prikubanskoye, Kubanskoye Bagryanoye, Golden Bee, Red Chif, Fudzhi and Interpraise are selected. The assessment of fruits quality was carried out on biochemical composition. The varieties of domestic breeding as Kubanskoye, Kubanskoye Bagryanoye and the introduced Golden Bee have a high content of vitamin C. Prikubanskoye, Pamyat Esauly and Kubanskoye Bagryanoye varieties have the high content of vitamin P. The assessment of economic efficiency showed that profitability of apple trees cultivation of different varieties varied from 44,1% (Pamyat Esauly) to 68,5% (Interprise) and averaged 57,3%.
The assortment of pear varieties which are grown up in the South of Russia does not fully meets to requirements of intensive gardening, that is why the low productivity of long-term pear plantings is observed. The low resistance of many varieties to a complex of adverse factors of environment and discrepancy of biological features of varieties to cultivation conditions are the main reasons for it. The results of work on study of pear varieties in the North Caucasian Regional Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture are presented in the article. The purpose of research is the study of pear collection for elucidation of influence of growth conditions on the studied pear varieties and selection of the valuable genotypes. capable to adapt under these conditions and to conform to modern requirements of fruit growing. The field methods are used in a work. The research were conducted according to programs and techniques both well-known and again developed and modified. In the study there were 60 of pear varieties of various maturing terms from different places of growth and having a wide area of spreading. Data about features and damage rate of pear generative organs by spring frosts are adduced. The damage of generative organs of all studied varieties, irrespective of development degree of a flower, was noted. The degree of frost damage of flowers fluctuated from 10 to 92,3 % depending on type of variety. There are selected the pear varieties with low resistance to spring frosts: Vega, Aleksandra, Caucasus, Roksolana, Yuzhanka, Samarkandskaya Zimnya. As a result of research the varieties with late blossoming and with resistance of flowers to returnable frosts are selected: Lyuberskaya, Osnovyanskaya, Originalnaea, Koketka, Abbat Fetel. The pear varieties with good prospect are recommended for use in the industrial production under the conditions of the South of Russia.
The objects of our research were 23 new best varieties of strawberry of domestic and foreign selection. The strawberry is the least winter-hardy from all cultivated crops. Short-term fall of the temperature in the rooting zone (up to -80C) leads to severe damage of the plants. The work purpose is to conduct a comprehensive assessment of strawberry for winter hardiness and to select highly productive and adaptive varieties to form the optimal assortment for middle zone of the Russian Federation. All accounting were conducted according to the "Program and method of variety's study of fruit, berry and nut crops", on the basis of the collection fund of the State Scientific rganization All-Russian Research Institute of Horticulture named I.V. Michurin. Field accounting of freezing of strawberry plants was carried out before flowering. The degree of plants freezing varied from 1 to 4 points depending on the genotype. The available damage has negatively impacted on the laying of morphostructural components of productivity. As a result of conducted research the high winter stability and winter stability strawberry varieties were selected from number of studied varieties. The significant freezing (4 points) was observed at Corrado and Lord strawberry varieties. The carried out assessment of the general condition of the strawberry plants in the spring and autumn showed that adverse weather conditions affected the laying of the generative buds. The excellent condition of plants is noted at Bereginya, Maryshka, Solovushka strawberry varieties, 10 varieties showed a good condition, the wear condition is noted at Zenga Zengana (control), Roxana, Corrado, Lord. As a result of integrated assessment of winter-hardy strawberry varieties the high-yielding varieties with high adaptive abilities were selected: Bereginya, Maryshka, Solovushka are for amateur gardening; Polka and Honey are for technological variety's study.
One of the main methods of expansion of garden crops assortment is the introduction. For the Tambov Region the cornelian cherry is unconventional garden culture. The most significant economic and valuable trait of introduced plants is productivity. That is why the evaluation of potential productivity and features of interaction "genotype environment" is the most interesting direction of research when the crops and varieties are transferred in the new environmental conditions. A main purpose of this work is the evaluation of the morphological components of productivity of introduced cornelian cherry varieties under the changing environmental conditions of the Tambov Region. 10 introduced cornelian cherry varieties on the base of a cornelian cherry collection of the All-Russian Research Institute of Horticulture named I.V. Michurin were studied for 2012-2013. Study of productivity components was carried out according to the program and technique of variety's study of fruit, berry and nut bearing crops. As a result of the conducted research the high potential of productivity of the studied cornelian cherry varieties in the process of introduction to the Tambov region is established. The range of potential productivity from 1 m of the fructifying wood was from 817,4 to 3170,5 g. Maximum of potential productivity was established for Volgogradskiy Grushevidny. This variety is the most large-fruited also. The average percent of the formed fruits at the studied cornelian cherry varieties is 6,6 % for the period of research. The greatest percent of the formed fruits is noted at varieties of Nakhodka (11,8) and Volgogradskiy (11,0%), the average mass of a fruit is 2,56 g. For the studied period the average productivity of cornelian cherry varieties is 5,1 kg. from a tree. Nakhodka, Nikolka 2 and MOVIR varieties are showed the maximum of economic efficiency in the process of introduction in the Central Chernozyom Region.