Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
The article presents the stage of primary selection in the initial group of visually healthy grape bushes (about 500 pcs) of wine grape variety Bastardo Magarachskiy with high economically valuable characteristics, bred in the Institute Magarach. The studies were carried out in the production site of Bastardo Magarachskiy grape variety (No. 364, bush training AZOS-1, planting scheme 3 × 1.25 m) in Alushta branch of AO PAO Massandra. Agricultural recording for 500 bushes was carried out (average values for population were calculated, productivity indicators of Bastardo Magarachskiy variety with the degree of their variability were determined). In order to test the hypothesis about the regularity of distribution of quantitative characteristics in 500 initial bushes, we used three-sigma method and calculation of asymmetry and kurtosis indicators. It was established that distribution of such indicators as coefficient of fruitfulness k2 (665.2), percentage of developed shoots (652.08) and coefficient of fruitfulness k1 (8629) had the greatest positive asymmetry. The biggest negative asymmetry was noted in the distribution of such indicators as yield per bush (-502.6), number of fruiting shoots (-365.4), number of inflorescences (-337.8), number of eyes (-268.5), number of developed shoots (- 259.9), average bunch weight (-222.9), number of bunches (-218.2), productivity of a shoot in terms of raw bunch weight (-207.9). The greatest kurtosis was observed in the distribution of such indicators as coefficient of fruitfulness k2 (0.7), number of inflorescences (0.59), yield per bush (0.56), number of fruiting shoots (0.54), productivity of a shoot in terms of raw bunch weight (0.31). Variability degree of 9 characteristics (coefficient of fruitfulness k1, average bunch weight, number of bunches, number of developed shoots, number of eyes, shoot productivity in terms of raw bunch weight, yield per bush, number of fruiting shoots, number of inflorescences) is characterized as high (V= 26.54 - 41.79 %) according to the calculation of variation coefficient. The obtained data indicate the heterogeneity of population of the variety Bastardo Magarachskiy and the possibility of selecting highly productive protoclones.
In connection with the intensification of horticulture, as well as the relevance of the issue of import substitution, the issue of creating potentially high-yielding varieties of walnuts that can realize their biological productivity potential in the conditions of the North Caucasus is becoming increasingly important, since not only high yield capacity and valuable characteristics of fruits, but also, the increased adaptability to the specific environmental conditions of the region. At the same time, the signs of fruit quality still have one of the key values for the competitiveness of the variety. The article presents the results of research on the search for promising forms of walnut. In the course of expedition trips in order to select promising forms of walnut, valuable samples were identified, in which the lateral type of fruiting and a complex of economically valuable characteristics of the fruit were noted. In general, all 16 selected walnut forms are valuable for breeding programs for various characteristics (type of fruiting, yield capacity, large-fruitedness, important economically valuable fruit traits). Sample Nj-4 has a level of fruit setting on lateral shoots up to 80 %, which suggests the prospect of its use for breeding purposes for this trait. Forms Krd-2, Krd-3, Ps-13, Din-5, Din-10 can be considered promising in terms of the complex of phenotypic characteristics of fruits. These sampleshave a percentage of kernel yield, with the exception of Krd-3 (43.0 %), more than 50 %, good kernel extraction, kernel completion and can be used in breeding work as sources of economically valuable traits.
The article presents the results of three summer studies on the collection mother plot in the village of Uch-Dere. The characteristic of weather conditions by years for the research period is given. Thus, 2019 and 2021 were favorable years for the growth and development of the tea plant, compared to 2020. The total precipitation in 2019 was at the level of long-term data, and in 2021 this indicator was higher by 299 mm, which made it possible to compare the physiological response of tea plants to low levels of precipitation in 2020. The average monthly temperatures for 2019 and 2021 were within the normal range and are optimal for the tea bush in the humid subtropics of Russia. It has been established that 2020 has become a critical year in terms of the total precipitation during the tea leaf harvesting period and the temperature regime during this period. The conducted research made it possible to reveal the resistance of the studied varieties to abiotic factors of the growing environment; identify their susceptibility to drought and frost by the appearance of plants; determine points for each variety for drought resistance and winter hardiness; determine the degree of maturation of one-year growth during the growing season; establish the full number of tea leaf harvest per season, their seed productivity depending on the degree of pruning and weather conditions during the growth and development; select varieties that are donors for drought resistance and winter hardiness, in order to further involve them in the breeding process.
Grapevine bleeding is a sign of the grape plant coming out of a dormant state after winter. Despite this, more attention of scientists is focused on budbreak. According to the literature data, grapevine bleeding begins at air temperatures above 0 ºC. The date of the beginning of grapevine bleeding is also affected by soil temperature. The purpose of this work was a more insightful study of the dependence of the date of the beginning of grapevine bleeding on weather conditions: average, maximum and minimum air temperatures, average amplitude of air temperature, total precipitation and the sum of air temperatures above 0 and +5 ºC. The research was carried out according to the phenological data of the Anapa Ampelographic collection and the Anapa weather station for 2003-2020. The equations of multiple regression of the date of the grapevine bleeding of varieties of various ecological and geographical origin and separately of the Western European group are obtained. The coefficients of the paired correlation of the date of the beginning of grapevine bleeding with agrometeorological indicators are determined. The greatest influence is exerted by the average amplitude of air temperatures 10 days before the start of the grapevine bleeding phase a significant pair correlation coefficient was obtained both for varieties as a whole and for groups, with the exception of intraspecific hybrids. The dependence is moderate inverse. Also, the average amplitude of air temperatures 5 days before the start of the grapevine bleeding phase has the inverse effect, but to a lesser extent. A direct weak and very weak connection of the date of the beginning of the grapevine bleeding is noted with average temperatures, the amount of precipitation for the period with temperatures above 0 º and sums of air temperatures above 0 and +5 ºC.
The article presents the results of evaluating the efficiency of propagation of garden strawberry varieties under in vitro conditions. The paper compared the strawberry varieties of the Italian selection Asia, Cleri, Quicky and the varieties of the selection of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution NCFSCHVW Nelli, Taira and Kemia. At the stage of introduction into in vitro culture, the Nelly varieties have a high level of regeneration 80 %, Kemia and Asia 73 %, Taira 70 %, Clery 62 %. The survival rate of explants Quicky variety was 34 %. A gradual increase in the concentration of 6-BAP during strawberry micropropagation increases the formation of strawberry shoots with each passage. An increase in the concentration of 6-BAP to 0.75 mg/l at the second passage contributes to an increase in the number of shoots by 1.5-2.7 times, depending on the genotype, and is 3.5-10.2 shoots. Increasing the concentration of 6-BAP to 1.0 mg/l at the third passage increases the number of shoots formed by another 8.9-31.4 % compared with the second passage and amounts to 5.1-11.3 shoots, depending on the variety. Thus, the varieties Taira, Nelli and Asia have a high breeding efficiency under aseptic conditions, on media with different hormonal composition, in total 22.7-26.0 microshoots per 3 passages, the average varieties Clery and Kemiya 13.7-14.8 shoots, low variety Quicky 10.7. The efficiency of rhizogenesis of regenerated plants of the studied strawberry varieties on a hormone-free Murashige-Skoog medium with half the content of macrosalts is 95-98 %. The successful rate of adaptation of microplants of the studied varieties ranges from 87 to 95 %.