Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

Work purpose is walnut�s study in the different periods of maturing and the use of its fruits for improvement of food quality. The research of walnut in a dairy maturity, rowing in the Kuban is conducted, taking into account the varieties features. Biochemical analisis of fruit raw materials were conducted in the laboratory of storage and processing of fruits and berries of NCRRIH&V by the standard methods. In the walnut fruits it is noted the high content of potassium, calcium, sodium, magnesium, phosphorus and iron, and also microelements which are a part of various enzymes that influence on exchange processes in an man�s organism. The most valuable microelement of walnut is the iodine, which quantity varies taking into account varieties features of fruits. On the basis of the conducted research the ready-made product of a special purpose "Fruits shredded Storeroom of vitamins" with use of walnut of dairy degree of maturity which fruits are a high source of biologically active agents, mineral macro- and microeltmtnts is developed. The total maintenance of natural antioxidants in 100 g of a ready-made product is 282,4 mg / 100 g due to introduction of a shredded walnut. It fills daily need of a man organism for vitamin C, polyphenolic substancts, pectin, mineral substances (potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium), and also for 50% � vitamin P and iodine. Use of walnut fruits of dairy degree of a maturity will allow to increase the quality of ready-made products and to give them the functional importance.

Annotation

The production�s technology of fruit saplings for different types of gardens demands of selection of rootstocks of certain growth force and the differentiated approach to technology of saplings cultivation. Quality of the shoots, landed in the first field of nursery, is a leading factor of ensuring of standard saplings receiving. The purpose of this research is to pick up the root stocks of low growing group connected with the requirements of carrying out of grafting at the height of 40 cm, possessing by rather intensive vertical growth of shoots, high yield of standard layers and their minimum branching. For realization of tasks the modern methods of field and laboratory research are used. These indicators were analyzed: receiving of standard layers from unit of area, parameters of overground part of layers, the intensity of rooting, the property to branching of annual layers, the curvature of layers. It is established that quality of layers substantially was defined by rootstock�s type. The research showed that the control CK2 rootstock yield�s to MM102 and CK4 rootstocks. So, MM102 rootstock on the average in two years had the production of standard layers on 27,4 thousand/hectare higher, than CK2 and had not the curvature of shoots that is an important factor for using of a high grafting. The CK4 rootstock had not thorn prickles of shoots that increase its technological efficiency in the nursery fields. M9 and M9EMLA rootstocks yield to a control rootstock on production of standard layers, they have a big branching of annual shoots. For conducting of high grafting MM102, CK4 and M9EMLA rootstocks are recommended.

Annotation

From the beginning of 2000 the development of a phylloxera leaf form was fixed on vineyards of the South of Ukraine at all growing grapes varieties, including European grafted varieties. The work purpose is studying of bioecological features of development of a phylloxera leaf form, the search of its natural enemies and selection of preparations for effective protection of grapes plantings. In the course of research we studied the influence of abiotic factors (air temperature, amount of precipitations, the sum of active temperatures) on development of a phylloxera leaf form; the efficiency insecticide�s action from various chemical groups; harmfulness of a phylloxera leaf form; biocenotic communications of a phylloxera leaf form of with the complex of entomophages. Field experiments were conducted according to "A technique of a field experiment". The spreading of a phylloxera leaf form of in the field conditions at various grapes varieties was studied by a method of route inspections. According to the results of three years' research the close correlation connections between the development of a phylloxera leaf form and the following abiotic factors were established: air temperature (r =-0,84), sum of active temperatures (r =-0,90), amount of precipitations (r = 0,99), hydrothermal coefficient (r = 0,95). On the basis of the obtained data the optimal terms of sprayings of grapes plants against a leaf form of phylloxera are established. By the results of tests of various systems of protective measures the calculation of economic efficiency of grapes production was carried out. It is established that the Karate Zeon is the most effective preparation against a leaf�s form of phylloxera. The predatory species of insects are revealed, it is possible to use them in a biological method of grapes plants protection.

Annotation

In the last 10 years the increase in intensity of spreading and development of grape felt mite is observed and its harmfulness becomes stranger. Expansion of an area of wrecker�s spreading causes the necessity of carrying out of research directed on studying of features of its development and elaboration of system of protective measures for industrial grapes plantings. The work purpose is differentiation of grapes varieties zoned in the Southern Steppe of Ukraine on a damage rate of grape felt mite; an assessment of its harmfulness; studying of efficiency of insekt-acaricides from various chemical groups and determination of optimal terms of their application. The methods of research are: field � for determination of intensity of spreading and harmfulness of grape felt mite; agritechnical � measurement of productive indicators of grapes plants; culculative � for determination of efficiency of system of protective measures. It is shown that efficiency of studied preparations is 78-90 % on the 28th day after spraying, and on the 45th day is 75-94 %. Maximum efficiency was obtained under treatment by Demitan and Masay preparations. In the course of work the features of development of a grape felt mite, the level of its spreading and harmfulness at zoned grapes varieties are studied; the optimal terms of carrying out of protective measures are determined and the most effective insecticides from various chemical groups are revealed. The developed protective measures allow to increase the net income due to increasing of yield�s quantity and quality of grapes and save the material resources to produce a unit of production. Prime cost of 1 ton of grapes production decreased in comparison with control by 5%; with application of studied preparations the net income increased on options I-III by 14%; the profitability of grapes production increased by 9%.

Annotation

The main purpose of work is optimization of methods of obtaining of long-term data on the dynamics of defeat degree of fruit plants by fungal diseases. The point of plants defeat is the result of complex interaction in the system "owner - activator - medium", transformed in accordance with area conditions and with conditions of year. As a material for research it was taken 140 sweet cherries varieties from plantings collection for study of stability to coccomicosis. For study of resistance to monilia 134 varieties samples were taken. The result of the dispersive analysis, which was carried out at the beginning of research, confirmed the complexity of allocation of forms with polygenic type of stability according to long-term data. Dispersion research in long-term test accurately showed that considerable influence on variability of defeat point of stone fruit cultures by coccomicosis and monilia have the conditions of year and "variety-year" interactions. We offered a statistical method which ensure the minimization of the effect of all factors, except genetic difference of varieties forms. Indicators of specific reactions of variety to environment change using the assessment of ecological plasticity of varieties were taken for this purpose. The approach offered by us consists the establishment of such criterion of breeding value of sample which includes the relatively low average point of diseases defeat, the indicators of its stability in the varying conditions of the environment and the characteristics of pathogen population. On the basis of the offered approach the best sweet cherry forms with high resistance to coccomicosis are allocated. The value of such approach is that with its help the extensive data on dynamics of resistance of agricultural plants to pathogens can be used.